Pelagic Bacteria and Viruses in a High Arctic Region: Environmental Control in the Autumn Period
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Processing
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Environmental Parameters
3.2. Spatial Variations of Microbial Plankton
3.3. Environmental Control of Microbial Plankton
4. Discussion
4.1. Environmental Parameters
4.2. Spatial Variation of Microbial Plankton
4.3. Environmental Control of Microbial Plankton
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ID | Date | N | E | Depth, m | Temp | Sal | Water Mass |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7 | 08.10.2020 | 77°23′ | 67°44′ | 360 | −1.28–2.51 | 33.95–34.89 | BSW |
8 | 09.10.2020 | 77°50′ | 66°46′ | 330 | −0.98–1.55 | 34.21–34.94 | BSW |
9 | 09.10.2020 | 78°19′ | 65°41′ | 365 | −1.50–1.43 | 34.08–34.88 | ArW |
10 | 09.10.2020 | 78°47′ | 64°32′ | 355 | −1.27–0.98 | 33.92–34.84 | ArW |
11 | 09.10.2020 | 79°15′ | 63°16′ | 255 | −1.54–0.61 | 33.49–34.83 | ArW |
12 | 10.10.2020 | 79°25′ | 59°24′ | 247 | −1.79–1.07 | 33.72–34.83 | ArW |
13 | 10.10.2020 | 78°56′ | 60°41′ | 192 | −1.66–0.09 | 33.57–34.81 | ArW |
14 | 10.10.2020 | 78°26′ | 61°55′ | 290 | −1.33–1.41 | 33.88–34.84 | ArW |
15 | 10.10.2020 | 77°57′ | 63°27′ | 340 | −1.10–2.05 | 34.02–34.85 | ArW |
Parameter | A Surface (0–25 m) | B Intermediate (50–100 m) | C Bottom (192–365 m) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Range | Mean ± SE | Range | Mean ± SE | Range | Mean ± SE | |
Arctic Water | ||||||
NB, 105 cell·mL−1 | 3.33–9.25 | 5.67 ± 0.35 C | 2.96–10.68 | 6.12 ± 0.77 C | 2.27–4.09 | 3.20 ± 0.27 AB |
BB, mgC·m−3 | 3.4–12.5 | 6.2 ± 0.6 C | 4.1–12 | 7.7 ± 0.8 C | 2.9–8.2 | 4.5 ± 0.7 AB |
VBR | 1–28 | 13 ± 2 | 7–14 | 11 ± 1 | 4–14 | 9 ± 1 |
ABV, µm3 | 0.02–0.074 | 0.037 ± 0.003 BC | 0.033–0.085 | 0.049 ± 0.005 A | 0.031–0.136 | 0.055 ± 0.014 A |
R | 0.8–7.1 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 3.0–9.6 | 5.7 ± 0.7 | 0.3–1.4 | 0.9 ± 0.2 AB |
NV, 106 particles·mL−1 | 0.9–15 | 7.1 ± 1.0 C | 5.7–10.1 | 7.6 ± 0.5 C | 1.4–4.3 | 2.9 ± 0.5 AB |
Temperature, °C | −0.2–2.0 | 1.0 ± 0.2 BC | −1.7–0.4 | −1.2 ± 0.2 A | −1.3–−0.8 | −1.0 ± 0.1 A |
Salinity | 33.49–34.08 | 33.84 ± 0.06 BC | 34.06–34.74 | 34.63 ± 0.06 | 34.73–34.84 | 34.81 ± 0.02 |
PO4, µM | 0.0–0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.0 BC | 0.0–0.7 | 0.4 ± 0.1 AC | 0.3–0.9 | 0.6 ± 0.1 AB |
O2, mL·L−1 | 7.8–8.0 | 8.0 ± 0.0 C | 7.0–8.2 | 7.6 ± 0.1 C | 6.8–7.0 | 6.9 ± 0.0 AB |
NO3, µM | 0.1–1.3 | 0.6 ± 0.1 BC | 0.4–16.1 | 8.4 ± 1.4 AC | 15–18.1 | 17.2 ± 0.4 AB |
Chl a, mg·m−3 | 0.19–0.36 | 0.28 ± 0.02 | – | – | – | – |
ZA, ind.·m−3 (0–100 m) | 752–1278, 1067 ± 35 | |||||
ZB, mgC·m−3 (0–100 m) | 0.8–11.8, 6.3 ± 0.6 | |||||
Barents Sea Water | ||||||
NB, 105 cell·mL−1 | 4.46–6.36 | 5.47 ± 0.27 C | 4.33–5.80 | 5.06 ± 0.73 C | 2.20–3.53 | 2.87 ± 0.67 AB |
BB, mgC·m−3 | 4.6–9.6 | 6.1 ± 0.8 C | 5.6–6.1 | 5.8 ± 0.2 C | 2.7–5.5 | 4.1 ± 1.4 AB |
VBR | 0–15 | 11 ± 2 | 14–15 | 15 ± 1 C | 10–11 | 10 ± 0 |
ABV, µm3 | 0.026–0.056 | 0.037 ± 0.005 C | 0.03–0.051 | 0.041 ± 0.01 C | 0.042–0.059 | 0.051 ± 0.008 AB |
R | 2.2–6.1 | 4.3 ± 0.7 C | 2.8–4.7 | 3.7 ± 0.9 C | 0.5–1.4 | 0.9 ± 0.4 AB |
NV, 106 particles·mL−1 | 4.4–9.1 | 7.0 ± 0.7 C | 6.0–8.9 | 7.5 ± 1.4 C | 2.4–3.6 | 3.0 ± 0.6 AB |
Temperature, °C | 1.5–2.5 | 2.0 ± 0.2 BC | −0.4–−0.2 | –0.3 ± 0.1 AC | −1–−0.9 | –0.9 ± 0.0 AB |
Salinity | 33.95–34.27 | 34.14 ± 0.06 BC | 34.62–34.7 | 34.66 ± 0.04 A | 34.83–34.83 | 34.83 ± 0.01 A |
P-PO4, µM | 0.1–0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.0 BC | 0.3–0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.1 AC | 0.6–0.7 | 0.7 ± 0.0 AB |
O2, mL·L−1 | 7.6–7.8 | 7.7 ± 0.0 C | 7.0–7.7 | 7.4 ± 0.3 C | 6.8–6.9 | 6.8 ± 0.0 AB |
N-NO3, µM | 0.7–1.4 | 0.9 ± 0.1 BC | 2.5–3.9 | 3.2 ± 0.7 AC | 18.1–18.7 | 18.4 ± 0.3 BC |
Chl a, mg·m−3 | 0.18–0.32 | 0.27 ± 0.03 | – | – | – | – |
ZA, ind.·m−3 (0–100 m) | 930–1008, 970 ± 13 | |||||
ZB, mgC·m−3 (0–100 m) | 1.5–1.9, 1.7 ± 0.1 |
Variable | LambdaA | P | F | Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) | Explained Variation, % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nitrate | 0.27 | 0.001 | 10.23 | 9.455 | 27 |
Zooplankton biomass | 0.12 | 0.005 | 5.44 | 4.959 | 12 |
Salinity | 0.06 | 0.045 | 3.01 | 5.501 | 6 |
Temperature | 0.05 | 0.069 | 2.77 | 5.368 | 5 |
Dissolved oxygen | 0.05 | 0.068 | 2.65 | 9.845 | 5 |
Phosphate | 0.05 | 0.11 | 2.39 | 8.011 | 5 |
Zooplankton abundance | 0.01 | 0.514 | 0.7 | 2.702 | 1 |
Chlorophyll a | 0.001 | 0.913 | 0.14 | 1.585 | <1 |
Parameter | Temperature | Salinity | PO4 | O2 | NO3 | Chl a | ZA | ZB |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NB, 105 cell·mL−1 | 0.26 | −0.50 | −0.44 | 0.64 | −0.63 | −0.03 | 0.08 | 0.19 |
BB, mgC·m−3 | −0.02 | −0.28 | −0.23 | 0.34 | −0.34 | 0.15 | 0.25 | 0.28 |
NV, 106 particles·mL−1 | 0.40 | −0.17 | −0.29 | 0.46 | −0.52 | −0.26 | −0.21 | −0.37 |
ABV, µm3 | 0.29 | 0.13 | −0.04 | 0.10 | −0.18 | −0.26 | −0.29 | −0.54 |
VBR | −0.35 | 0.27 | 0.24 | −0.35 | 0.38 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.15 |
R | 0.42 | −0.35 | −0.43 | 0.60 | −0.65 | −0.13 | −0.07 | −0.14 |
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Dvoretsky, V.G.; Venger, M.P.; Vashchenko, A.V.; Maksimovskaya, T.M.; Ishkulova, T.G.; Vodopianova, V.V. Pelagic Bacteria and Viruses in a High Arctic Region: Environmental Control in the Autumn Period. Biology 2022, 11, 845. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11060845
Dvoretsky VG, Venger MP, Vashchenko AV, Maksimovskaya TM, Ishkulova TG, Vodopianova VV. Pelagic Bacteria and Viruses in a High Arctic Region: Environmental Control in the Autumn Period. Biology. 2022; 11(6):845. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11060845
Chicago/Turabian StyleDvoretsky, Vladimir G., Marina P. Venger, Anastasya V. Vashchenko, Tatyana M. Maksimovskaya, Tatyana G. Ishkulova, and Veronika V. Vodopianova. 2022. "Pelagic Bacteria and Viruses in a High Arctic Region: Environmental Control in the Autumn Period" Biology 11, no. 6: 845. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11060845