Challenges of Biomass Utilization for Bioenergy in a Climate Change Scenario
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Global Climate Changes: Evidence and Causes
3. Plant Responses to Climate Change
4. The Role of Circular Economy in Mitigating Climate Change
5. Potential Feedstocks for Bioenergy Purposes
6. Chemical Composition of Lignocellulosic Biomass
7. Pretreatment
Biomass | Pretreatment | Details | Conditions | Maximal Removal (%) | Glucose Yield (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Miscanthus (Mx2779 and Mxg) | Steam explosion | 180 (9 bar), 200 (15 bar), 210 (20 bar), and 225 °C (25 bar) for 5, 10, or 15 min | 73.2% xylan (Mx2779) 78.9% xylan (Mxg) 200 °C, 15 bar, 10 min | 68% (Mx2779) 41% (Mxg) | [81] | |
| Microwave-assisted DES | ChCl:lactic acid (1:2) | 45 s, 800 W (152 °C) |
|
| [82] |
Switchgrass | DES | ChCl:glycerol (1:2) with 20 wt% water additions | 120 °C for 1 h | 85.35% xylan 56.82 lignin | 89% | [83] |
Elephant grass (leaf, stem, and whole plant) | Acid | H2SO4 | 5, 10, or 20% H2SO4 at 121 °C for 30 min | 85.02% hemicellulose from leaf (20% H2SO4) | 89.2% (leaf, 20% H2SO4) | [84] |
| High-pressure CO2/H2O | 180, 200, or 220 °C with a constant initial CO2 pressure of 50 bar |
|
(220 °C) | [85] | |
Miscanthus | Biological | Bacteria (laccase) | 37 °C, 200 rpm, 96 h (with a mediator) | 59.5% lignin (Pseudomonas sp.) | 87% | [86] |
8. Enzymatic Deconstruction of Lignocellulosic Biomass
8.1. Core Cellulolytic Enzymes
8.2. Hemicellulolytic Enzymes
8.3. Accessory Enzymes
9. Challenges of Biomass Utilization for Bioenergy in a Climate Change Scenario
10. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Freitas, E.N.d.; Salgado, J.C.S.; Alnoch, R.C.; Contato, A.G.; Habermann, E.; Michelin, M.; Martínez, C.A.; Polizeli, M.d.L.T.M. Challenges of Biomass Utilization for Bioenergy in a Climate Change Scenario. Biology 2021, 10, 1277. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121277
Freitas ENd, Salgado JCS, Alnoch RC, Contato AG, Habermann E, Michelin M, Martínez CA, Polizeli MdLTM. Challenges of Biomass Utilization for Bioenergy in a Climate Change Scenario. Biology. 2021; 10(12):1277. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121277
Chicago/Turabian StyleFreitas, Emanuelle Neiverth de, José Carlos Santos Salgado, Robson Carlos Alnoch, Alex Graça Contato, Eduardo Habermann, Michele Michelin, Carlos Alberto Martínez, and Maria de Lourdes T. M. Polizeli. 2021. "Challenges of Biomass Utilization for Bioenergy in a Climate Change Scenario" Biology 10, no. 12: 1277. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121277