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Article

Growth and Expression of Virulence Genes of Listeria monocytogenes during the Processing of Dry-Cured Fermented “Salchichón” Manufactured with a Selected Lactilactobacillus sakei

by
Irene Martín
,
Alberto Alía
,
Alicia Rodríguez
*,
Francisco Gómez
and
Juan J. Córdoba
Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, Avda. de las Ciencias, s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biology 2021, 10(12), 1258; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121258
Submission received: 6 October 2021 / Revised: 11 November 2021 / Accepted: 30 November 2021 / Published: 2 December 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Contamination and Food Safety)
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Abstract

:

Simple Summary

During the ripening process of the dry-cured fermented sausage “salchichón”, Listeria monocytogenes could fail to be eliminated. In addition, the food safety criterion for L. monocytogenes in the European Union sets up a maximum level of 100 units of this microorganism per gram in ready-to-eat products throughout their shelf-life. Thus, since L. monocytogenes could be present in this product, it is necessary to evaluate the impact of the dry-cured fermented processing in the potential virulence of this pathogen, even considering the possible effect of the usual microbiota (lactic-acid bacteria) of “salchichón”. In this work, the effect of the processing of “salchichón”, inoculated with a selected strain of Lactilactobacillus sakei, on the growth of L. monocytogenes and on the expression of its virulence genes, was evaluated. The processing of “salchichón” provoked a relevant reduction in L. monocytogenes, but this pathogen was not completely eliminated. However, a downregulation in the expression of the tested virulence genes was found, which could suppose a reduction in the pathogenic effect of this microorganism. These findings could be of great interest to consider the dry-cured ripening of “salchichón” as a safe process to control the pathogen L. monocytogenes.

Abstract

The effect of the dry-cured fermented processing of “salchichón” inoculated with a selected strain of Lactilactobacillus sakei (205) on the growth and transcriptional response of three virulence genes (plcA, hly, and iap) of Listeria monocytogenes was evaluated. For this, three different batches of “salchichón” were analyzed: batch B (inoculated only with L. sakei), batch L (inoculated only with L. monocytogenes), and batch L + B (inoculated with both microorganisms). Sausages were ripened for 90 days according to a traditional industrial process. The processing of “salchichón” provoked a reduction in L. monocytogenes counts of around 2 log CFU/g. The downregulation of the expression of the three genes was found at the end of ripening when the water activity (aw) of “salchichón” was <0.85 aw. The combined effect on the reduction in L. monocytogenes counts together with the downregulation in the expression of the virulence genes throughout the “salchichón” processing could be of great interest to control the hazard caused by the presence of this pathogenic bacterium.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

L. monocytogenes is a Gram-positive, facultative intracellular bacterium responsible for human listeriosis, one of the most significant foodborne diseases in industrialized countries [1] that has well-known adverse health effects [2]. L. monocytogenes may contaminate food products at different steps of the manufacturing process, since this organism is able to survive on equipment and in production facilities [3,4]. It has been also reported that L. monocytogenes can pull through stressful environments, such as low temperature, high acidity, and salt contents [2,5,6]. This ability is a serious concern for the dry-cured fermented sausage industry. This is because dry-cured fermented meat products elaborated with meat and fat, mixed with salt, nitrate and/or nitrite, sugar, and spices like black pepper, which is stuffed into a casing and subjected to fermentation and drying processes, form a nutrient-rich but still restricted ecological niche that can favour the growth of L. monocytogenes [7].
The dry-cured fermented sausage “salchichón” is one of the most typical Spanish dry-cured meat ready-to-eat (RTE) products, characterized by a bacterial fermentation process followed by a ripening period [8]. Although the consumption of dry-cured fermented sausages is considered at low risk for foodborne listeriosis [9], the presence of this pathogenic bacterium has been reported in ripened sausages [10,11,12], and in some cases, it has also been involved in listeriosis outbreaks [13].
During the ripening of dry-cured fermented sausages such as “salchichón”, a reduction of L. monocytogenes has been reported, but its presence has not been completely eliminated [14]. In addition, the food safety criterion for L. monocytogenes sets up a maximum level of 100 CFU/g for this pathogen in RTE-food products throughout their shelf-life [15].
Since L. monocytogenes can be present in the dry-cured fermented sausage “salchichón”, it is necessary to evaluate the impact of the dry-cured fermented processing on the potential virulence of this pathogen. The intracellular parasitism of L. monocytogenes requires the coordinated expression of several genes that encode virulence factors, such as the plcA, hly, and iap genes [16]. The transcriptional response of L. monocytogenes under a variety of pH, water activity (aw), temperature conditions [17,18], or upon exposure to protective cultures [19] could result in changes in the L. monocytogenes viability and virulence [20,21,22,23,24,25].
To evaluate changes in the L. monocytogenes virulence during the processing of “salchichón”, the usual microbiota present in this product should be considered. This is mainly composed of lactic-acid bacteria (LAB) such as Lactilactobacillus spp. together with yeast and moulds [26]. LAB in conjunction with fermentation and ripening processes contributes to the organoleptic characteristics of the products as well as their stability [27,28,29]. Lactilactobacillus sakei is the most frequently isolated LAB in meat products, in particular on dry-cured fermented sausages [8,30,31,32,33,34,35] whose main functions in sausage fermentation are the acidification and inhibition of undesired autochthonous microbiota [36]. This bacterium can grow and survive under the conditions encountered during meat storage and processing [37]. In fact, L. sakei possesses the ability to use nutrients encountered in meat [30]. Furthermore, it has been proposed as a protective culture against L. monocytogenes in dry-cured fermented sausages [38,39,40].
Current knowledge regarding the effect of an antagonistic L. sakei strain against L. monocytogenes should be integrated with information concerning the molecular response of the pathogen to such treatments. Therefore, the objective of this work was to investigate the effect of the processing of the dry-cured fermented sausage “salchichón”, inoculated with a selected strain of L. sakei, on the growth of L. monocytogenes and the transcriptional response of some of its virulence genes (plcA, hly, and iap).

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Bacterial and Culture Conditions

To evaluate the effect of the processing of “salchichón” on the growth and expression of the key virulence genes of L. monocytogenes, a strain of serotype 4b isolated from dry-cured meat products was used, since this serotype is the most frequently involved in clinical cases of listeriosis. In addition, this serotype has been reported as the highest transcriptomic response under hostile environments [41]. Thus, the strain L. monocytogenes S7-2 (serotype 4b), belonging to the National Institute of Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA) collection (Madrid, Spain), has been used for the inoculation of “salchichón”.
To evaluate the effect on LAB against L. monocytogenes, a selected strain of L. sakei 205 from the Food Hygiene and Safety Culture Collection at the University of Extremadura was used. This strain was isolated from traditional dry-cured fermented sausages and selected by its antagonistic activity against L. monocytogenes in a sterilized “salchichón”-based agar and in the dry-cured fermented sausages “salchichón” [14]. Thus, in the present work, the effect of the selected L. sakei strain on the expression of the virulence genes of L. monocytogenes in a real food system (dry-cured fermented “salchichón”) in the presence of the natural microbiological population of this product was evaluated.
To prepare the L. monocytogenes and LAB inocula, 100 µL of a stock culture (stored in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth (Pronadisa, Madrid Spain) containing 20 % (w/v) glycerol at −80 °C) was sub-cultured twice onto BHI broth at 37 °C for 24 h and Man Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) broth (Fisher Bioreagents, Belgium) at 30 °C for 48 h, respectively (Figure 1). At the end of the incubation period, a suspension containing ≈ 8.0 log CFU/mL cells was obtained and an aliquot of this was diluted in 1% (w/v) peptone water to reach final concentrations of ≈7.0 and 6.0 log CFU/mL for L. monocytogenes and L. sakei, respectively. Next, after centrifuging cultures at 10,000× g for 5 min, the supernatants were discarded, and the sediments were washed and resuspended in PBS to be used for the inoculation of the “salchichón” mix before stuffing. To check the level of inoculation, serial dilutions were plated onto ChromagarTM Listeria agar plates (Scharlab, Madrid, Spain) and incubated at 37 °C for 48 h for L. monocytogenes, while for LAB, dilutions were spread on MRS (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) agar plates and anaerobically incubated at 30 °C for 72 h. In addition, the real initial levels (log CFU/g) of L. monocytogenes and L. sakei 205 on the sausages were determined at day 0 of processing.

2.2. Elaboration of Dry-Cured Fermented “Salchichón”

The “salchichón” sausages were elaborated in a pilot plant located at the Faculty of Veterinary of the University of Extremadura (Spain) according to the industrial processing of this product [14], the mixture composition proceeding as follows: minced Iberian pork meat (90%) and Iberian pig fatback (7%), with an addition of NaCl (1.8%), cane sugar (0.4%), potassium nitrate (120 ppm), sodium nitrite (100 ppm), black pepper, and spices (Figure 1). This mixture was divided into 3 different batches, to which 150 mL of PBS with the corresponding microorganism’s inoculum, prepared as has been described in Section 2.1, were added. The three batches were: batch B (control inoculated only with L. sakei at a concentration of ≈6 log CFU/g); batch L (inoculated only with L. monocytogenes at a concentration of ≈7 log CFU/g); batch L + B (inoculated with L. monocytogenes at a concentration of ≈7 log CFU/g combined with L. sakei at a concentration of ≈6 log CFU/g). All ingredients and corresponding inoculum were then mixed using an automatic kneader that was cleaned and sanitized between batches. The mixes of the different batches were then stuffed into regenerated collagen casings of 40 mm in diameter (Viscofan, Navarra, Spain), reaching each sausage an approximate weight of 500 g.
The sausages were ripened for 90 days in controlled drying chambers of the pilot plant of the Faculty of Veterinary Science following the conditions used in typical traditional processing of “salchichón” [14]: 5 °C at 85% relative humidity (RH) for 3 days, then 7 °C and 80% RH for the 17 days, 9 °C and 75% RH for 10 days, and 12 °C and 70% RH to reach 90-day ripening (Figure 1).
For physicochemical, microbial, and gene expression analyses, five sausages of each batch were taken at the beginning of processing (day 0) and at 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 days of ripening. All of them were aseptically removed from the casings in a laminar flow cabinet (Telstar, Spain) before analytical determinations. Thus, the experiment consisting of 3 different batches × 5 sampling times × 5 different analyzed sausages/each batch and sampling time was evaluated once according to the European Union Reference Laboratory Technical Guidance Document for conducting shelf-life studies on L. monocytogenes in RTE foods (such as “salchichón”), where no growth or the growth probability of this pathogen is ≤10% [42].

2.3. Microbiological Analysis

At each sampling time, 10 g of each of the 5 dry-cured sausages “salchichón” were aseptically taken from the center of the product and mixed with 90 mL of 1% (w/v) peptone water and homogenized in a Stomacher machine (Seward, model 400 Circulator, West Sussex, UK) at 300 rpm for 1 min. One mL of this homogenate was frozen at −80 °C and stored for further RNA extraction and gene expression analysis. Another one mL aliquot was used to make serial dilutions for the estimation of L. monocytogenes and LAB counts. For this, decimal serial dilutions were subsequently carried out in 1% (w/v) of peptone water, and 100 µL of the cell suspensions were then spread onto the surface of the MRS agar and CHROMagarTM Listeria Chromogenic medium to determine LAB counts and L. monocytogenes, respectively. Their incubation was performed for 24–48 h at 30 °C for LAB counts and for 24–48 h at 37 °C for L. monocytogenes counts. To evaluate the implantation of L. sakei 205 in all batches and at the last sampling time (90 days), 50% of the characteristic LAB colonies were randomly isolated from MRS plates and characterized by a sequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA region and PFGE analysis of the DNA with the restriction NotI and SgsI enzymes (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) [14].

2.4. RNA Extraction and Gene Expression Assay

One mL of each of the samples stored at −80 °C for gene expression analysis purposes was thawed in refrigeration (4 °C). Later, RNA was extracted according to the instructions of the MasterPureTM Complete DNA and RNA Purification Kit (Epicentre, Madison, WI, USA), after centrifuging 1 mL aliquot (10,000 rpm, 10 min at 4 °C) and removing the resultant supernatant. To remove genomic DNA contamination, samples were treated with the RNAse-Free Dnase I (Epicentre). RNA concentration and purity (A260/280) were then measured using the NanodropTM (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized using about 500 ng of the total extracted RNA according to the manufacturer’s instructions for the PrimeScriptTM RT Reagent Kit (Takara Bio Inc., Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan).
Quantitative PCR (qPCR) based on TaqMan® methodology was then used to amplify the virulence-related genes of L. monocytogenes, plcA, hly, and iap following the method described by Alía et al. [17]. In addition, a RT-qPCR based on SYBR® Green methodology was also performed to amplify the constitutive 16S rRNA gene used to ensure that both RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis processes were properly carried out according to Alía et al. [43]. The ViiATM 7 system (Applied Biosystems, Waltham, MA, USA) was used for qPCR performance. The reactions were prepared in MicroAmp® Fast Optical 96-Well Reaction plates (Applied Biosystems). Five replicates of RNA from control samples (only L. monocytogenes) and template-free negative controls (ultra-pure water instead of cDNA) were also included in the runs. Data analysis on the absolute expression of the target genes were determined using ViiATM 7 V.1.2.2 Software (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The quantification cycle (Cq), the intersection between each fluorescence curve and a threshold line, was automatically calculated by the instrument using default parameters. The absolute expression levels of the three target genes from the different batches were extrapolated from the standard curves built for each gene as described by Alía et al. [17] by using the Cq values obtained for the samples. The absolute gene expression of each sample was evaluated in quintuplicate.

2.5. Physicochemical Analysis

The determination of pH and aw was carried out only in the batch inoculated with L. sakei 205 (batch B). The pH value was recorded after homogenizing 3 g of each sample with 27 mL of distilled water with a digital pH-meter Crison Basic 20 (Crison, Barcelona, Spain), while aw was determined on sausage slices using a Novasina Lab Master Water activity meter model AW SPRINT-TH 300 (Novasina AG, Lachen, Switzerland).

2.6. Statistical Analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using the software IBM SPSS Statistic for Windows v.22.0 (IBM, New York, NY, USA). The different batches and days of ripening were used as independent variables. The counts (Log CFU/g), aw, pH values, and absolute expression were analyzed as dependent variables. Once the dependent and independent variables of the analysis were determined, a study of the normality of the different data populations was carried out using the Shapiro Wilk test. The analysis of the data was conducted using the Mann–Whitney test [44], and the statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Evolution of Water Activity and pH during Ripening of “Salchichón”

The aw decreased (p ≤ 0.05) from an initial value of 0.947 aw in the raw product to values below 0.790 aw at day 90 (Figure 2). The evolution of aw was similar to that reported for dry-cured fermented sausages by previous studies [45,46].
The evolution of pH throughout the ripening process of “salchichón” is shown in Figure 2. A decrease in pH values is observed after 15 days of ripening from 5.82 to 5.48 (p ≤ 0.05), probably due to the growth of the inoculated L. sakei 205. However, at day 30 of ripening, an increase in the pH value was observed (close to 5.8), and it then remained constant until the end of maturation. The increase in pH at the end of the ripening time may be due to the accumulation of non-protein nitrogen and amino acid catabolism products [47,48].

3.2. Evolution of Lactic-Acid Bacteria and L. monocytogenes Counts throughout the Ripening Process of “Salchichón”

The evolution of LAB counts in L. sakei 205-inoculated batches (batches B and L + B) was very similar, since levels varied between 6.5 and 7.5 log CFU/g in both batches during all the ripening times (Figure 3). There were no significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in LAB counts between these two batches. However, in the batch inoculated only with L. monocytogenes (batch L), LAB counts were always lower than 6.5 log CFU/g, and for most of the ripening times were significantly lower (p ≤ 0.05) than those found in L. sakei 205-inoculated batches. These results were expected because of the inoculation with the selected L. sakei strain of dry-cured fermented sausages “salchichón” composing batches B and L + B. In batches inoculated with L. sakei (B and L + B), most of the tested isolates (86%) were identified as L. sakei (100% identity) by a sequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA region. In the PFGE analysis, these isolates showed the same pattern of L. sakei 205. The remaining strains were Lactilactobacillus plantarum group (7%) and Lactilactobacillus curvatus (7%). In batch L, none of the isolates were identified as L. sakei. Thus, the inoculated L. sakei 205 was the predominant strain in L. sakei-inoculated bathes (B and B + L) and it was not detected in the batch inoculated only with L. monocytogenes (L).
Levels of L. monocytogenes decreased (p ≤ 0.05) in both inoculated batches (L and L + B) throughout the ripening process of the dry-cured fermented sausage “salchichón” (Figure 3). No increase in L. monocytogenes growth during the processing was observed in batches inoculated with this pathogen alone (L) or together with L. sakei 205 (L + B) (Figure 3), even considering that during the first 15 days of ripening, there could be certain conditions such as temperature (7 °C), aw (0.947–0.914), and pH (5.8–5.4) that may allow the growth of L. monocytogenes. Likely, the synergistic effect of aw, temperature, and pH reduction together with the effect of NaCl and nitrite added, and the presence of LAB inoculated or from contamination, prevent the growth of L. monocytogenes in the first days of ripening [38,49,50]. After 15 days of processing, the aw values of “salchichón”, ranging from 0.914 to 0.779 aw, did not allow the growth of L. monocytogenes [51,52]. From day 45 until the end of ripening, levels of L. monocytogenes were significantly lower in the batch inoculated with L. sakei 205 (L + B) than in the batch only inoculated with L. monocytogenes (L). This additional reduction in L. monocytogenes can be associated with the presence of the strain L. sakei 205. Different strains of this species have shown anti-microbial effects when they have been used as protective cultures [30,38,40]. In this work, a reduction of about 2 log CFU/g was achieved during the processing of dry-cured fermented sausage “salchichón”. This means that this pathogenic bacterium could be detected after 90 days of ripening if the levels of contamination in raw materials or during processing are higher than 2 log CFU/g. Thus, it is of great importance to evaluate the effect of processing in the expression of virulence genes of L. monocytogenes.

3.3. Effect of Processing and Presence of L. sakei on the Absolute Transcription Levels of L. monocytogenes Virulence Genes in Dry-Cured Fermented Sausages

Findings on this work revealed a high and significant relationship between the transcriptomic response and counts of L. monocytogenes (r-values: 0.792, 0.821, and 0.820 for the plcA, hly, and iap genes, respectively). The two virulence genes plcA and hly showed higher expression values than those found for the iap gene in all the tested conditions (p ≤ 0.05; Table 1). In addition, at 0, 15, and 30 days of processing, no differences (p > 0.05) in the gene expression values were found for all the analysed batches (Table 1). However, at days 60 and 90 of ripening, a significant decrease in the transcription levels regarding days 0, 15, and 30 was detected for all the analysed genes.
These results showed that the virulence gene expression values decreased at the end of the ripening period, likely due to the stress conditions created due to the processing and composition of “salchichón” mainly characterized by the decrease in aw throughout the ripening until values below 0.85 aw. A decrease in the plcA, hly, and iap gene expression values has been reported in a dry-cured ham model system as a consequence of aw decrease [19]. Furthermore, a downregulation in the expression of plcA and hly genes has been reported in different stress conditions on dry-cured meat products, likely due to the prfA gene repression, the major regulator of L. monocytogenes virulence [6,53]. Thus, at the end of “salchichón” ripening with aw below 0.85 aw, the expression of stress-related genes is likely enhanced, and the transcription of other non-stress-related genes such as virulence genes is repressed to facilitate the L. monocytogenes survival in highly stressful environments, as has been previously reported [6,54]. This agrees with the results obtained in this study, since it has been observed that the expression of the three virulence genes tested decreased. These findings are very interesting, since they correspond to real food samples. Most published works that showed an up-regulation in virulence genes of L. monocytogenes were in vitro-conducted with laboratory-based media [6]. However, the food matrix, especially a meat-based one, may influence the virulence potential of L. monocytogenes, possibly through the downregulation of virulence genes [6,21,55]. In addition, Bowman et al. [53] reported the suppression of prfA and sigB genes because of the non-thermal treatment on L. monocytogenes; this may also explain the decrease in the expression levels of plcA and hly genes.
When the effect of the inoculated L. sakei 205 on the expression of virulence genes tested was analyzed, the expression values of the three genes remained constant compared to those obtained in the control batch (L), except at day 60 of maturation, when significantly higher expression values were detected for the hly gene in batch L + B (Table 1). In addition, no differences between these two batches were found at the end of the ripening time (Table 1). These results contrast with the demonstrated effect of some bacteriocinogenic LAB such as Enterococcus faecium on the inhibition of the expression of the virulence genes of L. monocytogenes [56]. In the present work, L. sakei 205, which provokes an additional decrease in L. monocytogenes counts to those produced by the action of the reduction in pH and aw throughout the ripening of “salchichón”, does not show any appreciable effect on the virulence gene expression of L. monocytogenes throughout this processing. To be used as a protective culture, it is important that L. sakei 205 does not cause an increase in the virulence gene expression of this pathogenic bacterium, since in some cases, various protective cultures such as selected strains of Debaryomyces hansenii have been reported to enhance the expression of virulence genes on L. monocytogenes [19].
In the present work, it has been demonstrated that a reduction in L. monocytogenes counts throughout the ripening process and a downregulation in the expression of virulence genes of the pathogenic bacterium cells could survive dry-cured fermented processing, but this effect was not increased by the addition of the strain L. sakei 205. The last effect is of great importance, since reports the relevance of the virulence gene transcription on the invasive and survival ability of L. monocytogenes in human models or cell lines [20,21,22,23,24]. Although further studies should be carried out to evaluate the effect of L. monocytogenes surviving “salchichón” ripening in culture cells, the processing of this product to reach aw values below 0.85 aw seems to be effective to control the microbial hazard caused by the presence of L. monocytogenes.

4. Conclusions

This study describes for the first time the combined effect of the processing of “salchichón” manufactured with a selected protective culture of L. sakei on minimizing the growth and expression of three virulence genes (plcA, hly, and iap) of L. monocytogenes. The processing of “salchichón” provokes a reduction of 2 log CFU/g of L. monocytogenes. L. sakei 205 provokes an additional decrease in L. monocytogenes counts to those produced by the action of the reduction in pH and aw throughout the ripening of “salchichón”. In addition, when the aw of the product is lower than 0.85 aw, a downregulation in the expression of the above virulence genes was found. However, L. sakei 205 does not show any appreciable effect on the virulence gene expression of L. monocytogenes throughout “salchichón” processing. The combined effects of the reduction in L. monocytogenes throughout the procession of “salchichón” and the downregulation of the virulence gene expression of the surviving strains of this pathogen are relevant to control L. monocytogenes in this product.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, J.J.C. and A.R.; methodology, I.M.; software, A.A.; validation, I.M., A.A. and F.G.; formal analysis, I.M., A.A. and F.G.; investigation, I.M.; resources, A.R. and J.J.C.; data curation, I.M.; writing—original draft preparation, I.M. and J.J.C.; writing—review and editing, I.M., A.R., A.A., F.G. and J.J.C.; visualization, I.M.; supervision, A.R. and J.J.C.; project administration, J.J.C. and A.R.; funding acquisition, J.J.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness (RTA-2017-00027-C03-03); the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports (FPU 16/05303); and the Junta De Extremadura and Feder (IB16149, GR15108 and GR18056).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the INIA throughout the projects RTA-2017-00027-C03-03 (Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness) and the Junta de Extremadura and FEDER by IB16149, GR15108, and GR18056. I. Martín is supported by a pre-doctoral fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports (FPU 16/05303).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Biology 10 01258 g001 550
Figure 1. Scheme of the methodology followed in this work for preparing the inoculum, elaboration, and ripening conditions of the inoculated “salchichón” and sampling.
Figure 1. Scheme of the methodology followed in this work for preparing the inoculum, elaboration, and ripening conditions of the inoculated “salchichón” and sampling.
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Biology 10 01258 g002 550
Figure 2. Evolution of water activity (aw) and pH of dry-cured fermented sausages “salchichón” throughout the ripening process. Different letters indicate significant differences in the same parameter at the different ripening days (p ≤0.05).
Figure 2. Evolution of water activity (aw) and pH of dry-cured fermented sausages “salchichón” throughout the ripening process. Different letters indicate significant differences in the same parameter at the different ripening days (p ≤0.05).
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Biology 10 01258 g003 550
Figure 3. Growth curves of the LAB populations (dashed line) during the ripening process of dry-fermented sausages for batch B (●), L (▲) and batch L + B (X) and L. monocytogenes populations (solid line) for batch L (♦) and batch L + B (▪). (*) indicates significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between batches of L. monocytogenes and (**) between batches of LAB.
Figure 3. Growth curves of the LAB populations (dashed line) during the ripening process of dry-fermented sausages for batch B (●), L (▲) and batch L + B (X) and L. monocytogenes populations (solid line) for batch L (♦) and batch L + B (▪). (*) indicates significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between batches of L. monocytogenes and (**) between batches of LAB.
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Table
Table 1. Absolute expression values (mean log copies of gene ± standard deviation) of the virulence (plcA, hly, and iap) genes of Listeria monocytogenes in dry-cured fermented sausages “salchichón” throughout the ripening process. Batches: L: L. monocytogenes, L + B: L. monocytogenes + Lactilactobacillus sakei 205. The assays were conducted in quintuplicate.
Table 1. Absolute expression values (mean log copies of gene ± standard deviation) of the virulence (plcA, hly, and iap) genes of Listeria monocytogenes in dry-cured fermented sausages “salchichón” throughout the ripening process. Batches: L: L. monocytogenes, L + B: L. monocytogenes + Lactilactobacillus sakei 205. The assays were conducted in quintuplicate.
GenesBatchesDays of Ripening
015306090
hlyL3.01 ± 0.372 13.07 ± 0.099 13.26 ± 0.216 11.89 ± 0.226 2,b1.82 ± 0.370 2
L + B3.28 ± 0.132 1,22.96 ± 0.180 23.42 ± 0.208 12.48 ± 0.272 3,a1.49 ± 0.316 4
plcAL4.17 ± 0.286 14.32 ± 0.282 1,a4.41 ± 0.410 12.47 ± 0.236 23.06 ± 0.505 2
L + B4.01 ± 0.265 13.74 ± 0.440 1,b4.35 ± 0.271 12.91 ± 0.494 22.68 ± 0.483 2
iapL2.72 ± 0.181 12.69 ± 0.067 12.82 ± 0.283 11.65 ± 0.368 21.96 ± 0.249 2
L + B2.92 ± 0.165 12.70 ± 0.076 13.16 ± 0.378 11.66 ± 0.433 21.53 ± 0.491 2
Within column, different superscript letters denote significant differences for the same gene in each batch at the different ripening days (p ≤ 0.05). Within row, different superscript numbers denote significant differences for the same gene and batch at each ripening day (p ≤ 0.05).
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Martín, I.; Alía, A.; Rodríguez, A.; Gómez, F.; Córdoba, J.J. Growth and Expression of Virulence Genes of Listeria monocytogenes during the Processing of Dry-Cured Fermented “Salchichón” Manufactured with a Selected Lactilactobacillus sakei. Biology 2021, 10, 1258. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121258

AMA Style

Martín I, Alía A, Rodríguez A, Gómez F, Córdoba JJ. Growth and Expression of Virulence Genes of Listeria monocytogenes during the Processing of Dry-Cured Fermented “Salchichón” Manufactured with a Selected Lactilactobacillus sakei. Biology. 2021; 10(12):1258. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121258

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martín, Irene, Alberto Alía, Alicia Rodríguez, Francisco Gómez, and Juan J. Córdoba. 2021. "Growth and Expression of Virulence Genes of Listeria monocytogenes during the Processing of Dry-Cured Fermented “Salchichón” Manufactured with a Selected Lactilactobacillus sakei" Biology 10, no. 12: 1258. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121258

APA Style

Martín, I., Alía, A., Rodríguez, A., Gómez, F., & Córdoba, J. J. (2021). Growth and Expression of Virulence Genes of Listeria monocytogenes during the Processing of Dry-Cured Fermented “Salchichón” Manufactured with a Selected Lactilactobacillus sakei. Biology, 10(12), 1258. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121258

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