Alkaloid Escholidine and Its Interaction with DNA Structures
1
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
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Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DEFENS), Section of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
3
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
4
Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Marti i Franquès 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
5
Scientia Advice di Roberto Artali, 20832 Desio, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Weiguo Cao
Biology 2021, 10(12), 1225; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121225
Received: 6 September 2021
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Revised: 18 November 2021
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Accepted: 20 November 2021
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Published: 24 November 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacology)
Simple Summary
Escholidine is a rare protoberberine alkaloid present in trace amounts in roots of Eschscholtzia californica and in the aerial parts of Hunnemannia fumariaefolia. Due to the characteristic charged structure, it can interact with various forms of nucleic acids, including non-canonical structures. A series of spectroscopic experiments have shown notable melting stabilization of antiparallel G-quadruplex sequence DL40 induced by escholidine (ΔTm = 5.2 °C). Interaction stoichiometry calculated from fluorescence titration curves was estimated to be 4:1 or 5:1 (alkaloid:DNA). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) experiments have confirmed that an external loop binding is likely responsible for this stabilization. The three-dimensional model of the complex between escholidine and DL40, obtained as a result of the molecular docking experiment, implies the preferred orientation of escholidine to the quadruplex structure. Since the stabilization of telomeric G-quadruplex structures by small ligands is often used as a strategy in anti-cancer therapy, alkaloid escholidine seems to be an interesting agent from a medicinal point of view.
Berberine, the most known quaternary protoberberine alkaloid (QPA), has been reported to inhibit the SIK3 protein connected with breast cancer. Berberine also appears to reduce the bcl-2 and XIAP expression-proteins responsible for the inhibition of apoptosis. As some problems in the therapy with berberine arose, we studied the DNA binding properties of escholidine, another QPA alkaloid. CD, fluorescence, and NMR examined models of i-motif and G-quadruplex sequences present in the n-myc gene and the c-kit gene. We provide evidence that escholidine does not induce stabilization of the i-motif sequences, while the interaction with G-quadruplex structures appears to be more significant.
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Keywords:
escholidine; G-quadruplex; DNA; cancer; alkaloid; spectroscopy
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MDPI and ACS Style
Jarošová, P.; Hannig, P.; Kolková, K.; Mazzini, S.; Táborská, E.; Gargallo, R.; Borgonovo, G.; Artali, R.; Táborský, P. Alkaloid Escholidine and Its Interaction with DNA Structures. Biology 2021, 10, 1225. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121225
AMA Style
Jarošová P, Hannig P, Kolková K, Mazzini S, Táborská E, Gargallo R, Borgonovo G, Artali R, Táborský P. Alkaloid Escholidine and Its Interaction with DNA Structures. Biology. 2021; 10(12):1225. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121225
Chicago/Turabian StyleJarošová, Petra, Pavel Hannig, Kateřina Kolková, Stefania Mazzini, Eva Táborská, Raimundo Gargallo, Gigliola Borgonovo, Roberto Artali, and Petr Táborský. 2021. "Alkaloid Escholidine and Its Interaction with DNA Structures" Biology 10, no. 12: 1225. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10121225
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