Exotic Pet Trade as a Cause of Biological Invasions: The Case of Tree Squirrels of the Genus Callosciurus
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. The Genus Callosciurus
3. Distribution of IAS and Pathways of Introduction
3.1. Native Range
3.2. Areas of Introduction
3.3. Pathways of Introduction
4. Origin and the Challenge of Species Identification
5. Early Detection and Effective Monitoring of IAS
6. The Establishment and Spread of IAS
7. Impacts of IAS on Environment, Economy and Human Health
7.1. Harm to Native Species
7.2. Parasites, Zoonosis and Human Health
7.2.1. Macroparasites
7.2.2. Microparasites
7.3. Harm to Human Activities, Properties and Economic Impact
8. Management and Regulations: Failures and Successes
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Year First Introduction | Pathway | Releases | Established | Not Established/Rare | Removed/Eradicated |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Callosciurus erythraeus | ||||||
Japan | 1935 | Zoo | 20 | 13 | 6 | 1 |
China—Hong Kong | 1960s–1970s | Pet trade | 2 | 2 | ||
France | 1960s–1974 | Pet trade | 2 | 2 | ||
Argentina | 1970 | Pet trade | 28 | 23 | 5 | |
The Netherlands | 1998 | Pet trade | 1 | 1 | ||
Belgium | <2005 | Zoo/Pet trade | 1 | 1 | ||
Italy | <2011 | Pet trade | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
Callosciurus finlaysonii | ||||||
Japan | 1970 | Pet trade | 1 | 1 | ||
Italy | 1980s | Pet trade | 2 | 2 | ||
Singapore | - | - | 1 | 1 |
Species | Country | Parasite/Host Relationship | References |
---|---|---|---|
Endoparasites | |||
Brevistriata callosciuri | Japan | Specific | Matsudate et al. [135]; Miyabe et al. [134] |
Capillariinae | Italy | Acquired | Mazzamuto et al. [131] |
Japan | Acquired | Miyabe et al. [134] | |
Gongylonema neoplasticum | Japan | Specific | Asakawa [136] |
Hymenolepis sp. | France | Acquired | Doziéres et al. [137] |
Mastophorus sp. | Belgium | Acquired | Doziéres et al. [137] |
Pterygodermatites sp. | Argentina | Acquired | Gozzi et al. [138] |
Rictularia cristata | Japan | Acquired | Miyabe et al. [134] |
Rodentoxyuris sciuri | Italy | Acquired | Mazzamuto et al. [131] |
Spiruridae | Italy | Acquired | Mazzamuto et al. [131] |
Stilestrongylus sp. | Argentina | Acquired | Gozzi et al. [138] |
Strongyloides callosciureus | Italy | Specific | Mazzamuto et al. [131] |
Japan | Specific | Sato et al. [133]; Miyabe et al. [134] | |
Strongyloides sp. | Italy | - | Mazzamuto et al. [131] |
Japan | - | Matsudate et al. [135] | |
Trichuris muris | Italy | Acquired | Mazzamuto et al. [131] |
Ectoparasites | |||
Androlaelaps fahrenholzi | Argentina | Worldwide | Benitez et al. [65] |
Ceratophyllus s. sciurorum | Italy | Acquired | Mazzamuto et al. [131] |
Cheyletus sp. | Argentina | Worldwide | Gozzi et al. [130] |
Ctenophtalmus agyrtes | Italy | Acquired | Mazzamuto et al. [131] |
Ctenophtalmus sp. | Italy | Acquired | Mazzamuto et al. [131] |
Cuterebra sp. | Argentina | Acquired | Gozzi et al. [130] |
Enderleinellus kumadai | Belgium | Specific | Doziéres et al. [137] |
France | Specific | Doziéres et al. [137] | |
Japan | Specific | Durden & Musser [145] | |
Haemaphysalis flava | Japan | Specific/Acquired | Shinozaki et al. [140] |
Hoplopleura erismata | Belgium | Specific | Doziéres et al. [137] |
Ixodes ricinus | Italy | Acquired | Mazzamuto et al. [131] |
Monopsyllus anisus | Japan | Specific/Acquired | Shinozaki et al. [140] |
Neohaematopinus callosciuri | Japan | Specific | Shinozaki et al. [141] |
Nosopsyllus fasciatus | France | Worldwide | Doziéres et al. [137] |
Ornithonyssus cf. bacoti | Argentina | Worldwide | Gozzi et al. [130] |
Polygenis rimatus | Argentina | Acquired | Gozzi et al. [130]; Gozzi et al. [139] |
Trombiculidae | Italy | Acquired | Mazzamuto et al. [131] |
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Mazzamuto, M.V.; Wauters, L.A.; Koprowski, J.L. Exotic Pet Trade as a Cause of Biological Invasions: The Case of Tree Squirrels of the Genus Callosciurus. Biology 2021, 10, 1046. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10101046
Mazzamuto MV, Wauters LA, Koprowski JL. Exotic Pet Trade as a Cause of Biological Invasions: The Case of Tree Squirrels of the Genus Callosciurus. Biology. 2021; 10(10):1046. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10101046
Chicago/Turabian StyleMazzamuto, Maria Vittoria, Lucas A. Wauters, and John L. Koprowski. 2021. "Exotic Pet Trade as a Cause of Biological Invasions: The Case of Tree Squirrels of the Genus Callosciurus" Biology 10, no. 10: 1046. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10101046