Characterizations of Hamster Retina as a Model for Studies of Retinal Cholesterol Homeostasis
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Anesthesia
2.4. Genotyping
2.5. In Vivo Imaging
2.6. The Axial Eye Length Measurements by SD-OCT
2.7. Blood Glucose
2.8. Euthanasia
2.9. Blood Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)
2.10. Serum Lipids
2.11. Sterol Profiling
2.12. Histo- and Immunohistochemistry
2.13. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Genotyping for the Mutations That Underlie Rd1 and Rd8
3.2. Ocular Biometric Assessments
3.3. In Vivo Imaging of the Retina and Area Centralis
3.4. Hamster Retinal Abnormalities
3.5. Blood Glucose and Glycemic Control
3.6. Serum Lipids
3.7. Retinal Sterol Profiling
3.8. Retinal Cholesterol Distribution
4. Discussion
5. Patents
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Biometric Assessment | Hamsters | Mice | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
3-Month-Old | 6-Month-Old | 3-Month-Old | 6-Month-Old | |
Axial eye length by ruler (mm) | 5.9 ± 0.1 a (3F + 3M) | 6.0 ± 0.0 a (3F + 3M) | 3.2 ± 0.1 (4F + 3M) | 3.5 ± 0.3 (4F + 3M) |
Axial eye length by SD-OCT (mm) | 6.0 ± 0.1 (1F + 2M) | 6.1 ± 0.1 (3F + 3M) | ND | ND |
Retina wet weight (mg) | 6.9 ± 0.5 a (5F + 5M) | 7.7 ± 0.9 a (7F + 6M) | 2.3 ± 0.1 (9F +10M) | 2.4 ± 0.1 (5F + 7M) |
Total thickness of the retinal cross section by SD-OCT (µm) | 204.2 ± 9.7 a (5F + 6M) | 200.7 ± 3.7 a (6F + 4M) | 229.4 ± 8.8 (5F + 7M) | 237.6 ± 15.0 (4F + 4M) |
Retinal Sterol or Sterol/Cholesterol Ratio | Hamsters, 3-mo (5F + 5M) | Hamsters, 6-mo (5F + 5M) | Mice * 6-mo (6F + 6M) | Humans ** (3M) | Change Factor Relevant to Humans: 6-mo Hamsters; 6-mo Mice |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cholesterol, nmol/mg protein | 86 ± 3 | 87 ± 4 | 35 ± 4 | 49 ± 7 | 1.78; 0.71 |
Lathosterol, pmol/mg protein | 367 ± 62 | 115 ± 17 | 85 ± 6 | NM | NA |
Desmosterol, pmol/mg protein | 310 ± 58 | 45± 8 | 54 ± 4 | NM | NA |
Pregnenolone, pmol/mg protein | 124 ± 38 | 15 ± 3 | 25 ± 6 | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 5.55; 9.26 |
27HC, pmol/mg protein | 127 ± 21 | ND | ND | ND | NA |
27COOH, pmol/mg protein | 238 ± 46 | 94 ± 9 | 7.7 ± 0.9 | 79 ± 44 | 1.19; 0.10 |
24HC, pmol/mg protein | ND | ND | 6.1 ± 1.0 | 2.4 ± 1.7 | NA; 2.54 |
Lathosterol/cholesterol, pmol/nmol | 4.3 | 1.3 | 2.5 | NM | NA |
Desmosterol/cholesterol, pmol/nmol | 3.6 | 0.5 | 1.6 | NM | NA |
Pregnenolone/cholesterol pmol/nmol | 1.4 | 0.17 | 0.84 | 0.06 | 2.83; 14 |
27HC/cholesterol, pmol/nmol | 1.5 | ND | ND | ND | NA |
27COOH/cholesterol, pmol/nmol | 2.8 | 1.1 | 0.22 | 1.6 | 0.69; 0.14 |
24HC/cholesterol, pmol/nmol | ND | ND | 0.20 | 0.05 | NA; 4.0 |
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El-Darzi, N.; Mast, N.; Dailey, B.; Denker, J.; Li, Y.; Vance, J.; Pikuleva, I.A. Characterizations of Hamster Retina as a Model for Studies of Retinal Cholesterol Homeostasis. Biology 2021, 10, 1003. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10101003
El-Darzi N, Mast N, Dailey B, Denker J, Li Y, Vance J, Pikuleva IA. Characterizations of Hamster Retina as a Model for Studies of Retinal Cholesterol Homeostasis. Biology. 2021; 10(10):1003. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10101003
Chicago/Turabian StyleEl-Darzi, Nicole, Natalia Mast, Brian Dailey, John Denker, Yong Li, Joseph Vance, and Irina A. Pikuleva. 2021. "Characterizations of Hamster Retina as a Model for Studies of Retinal Cholesterol Homeostasis" Biology 10, no. 10: 1003. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10101003