Effective Flexural Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete T-Beams Using Bonded Fiber-Core Steel Wire Ropes
Abstract
:Highlights
- What are the main findings?
- Bonded fiber-core steel wire ropes (FC-SWRs) effectively enhanced the flexural performance of reinforced concrete (RC) T-beams by increasing their crack initiation load, yield load, ultimate load, stiffness, and energy absorption capacity.
- Analytical modeling based on the Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT) accurately predicted the experimental behavior, enabling parametric studies that confirmed the beneficial effects of increasing FC-SWR diameter and optimizing steel reinforcement ratio.
- What are the implications of these findings?
- The bonded FC-SWR technique provides a promising, durable method for retrofitting under-reinforced RC beam members, enhancing their load-carrying capacity and structural resilience while maintaining manageable levels of ductility.
- This study demonstrates that FC-SWRs can be a viable alternative to conventional strengthening materials, offering practical solutions for extending the service life of aging infrastructures with relatively simple application methods.
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Experimental Program
2.1. Geometry of the Specimens
2.2. Strengthening Procedure
2.3. Properties of Materials
2.4. Testing Setup and Instrumentation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Flexural Load Carrying Capacity
3.2. Load–Deflection Curves
3.3. Failure Modes
3.4. Ductility Index and Stiffness
3.5. Energy Absorption
3.6. Steel Strain Response
4. Analytical Modeling
4.1. Constitutive Laws
4.2. Model Validation
4.3. Parametric Study
4.3.1. Effect of FC-SWR Diameter
4.3.2. Effect of FC-SWR Modulus of Elasticity
4.3.3. Effect of Steel Reinforcement Ratio
5. Conclusions
- Flexural strengthening of RC T-beams with bonded SWRs proved to be effective, as demonstrated by the increase in crack initiation, yield, and ultimate loads. Although the mode of failure remained flexural for both the strengthened and unstrengthened specimens, the strengthened beam exhibited higher load capacities at each stage of failure, highlighting the contribution of bonded SWRs in enhancing structural performance.
- The strengthened beam exhibited increased stiffness due to the additional reinforcement, which restricted crack initiation and propagation; however, this also led to a decrease in ductility by limiting its deformation capacity.
- The energy absorption capacity of the strengthened beam improved compared to the control beam, primarily due to delayed crack formation, increased stiffness, and enhanced yield and ultimate loads.
- The steel strain values in the strengthened beam were consistently lower than those in the control beam at the same load levels, indicating improved load distribution. This reduction in strain suggests that the bonded FC-SWRs effectively transferred tensile stresses.
- The analytical models successfully simulated the flexural behavior of the RC T-beam specimens, with and without bonded FC-SWRs, demonstrating good agreement with experimental results.
- The increase in load-carrying capacity was directly proportional to the increase in FC-SWR diameter, confirming a size-dependent strengthening effect.
- The use of bonded FC-SWRs with a higher modulus of elasticity reduced ductility, highlighting the trade-off between strength enhancement and deformation capacity.
- The effectiveness of bonded FC-SWRs was more prominent in under-reinforced beams, which showed greater flexural strength gains than over-reinforced specimens.
- Despite offering valuable insights, this study is limited by the small number of specimens. Future work should involve a broader test matrix to improve statistical validity.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
RC | Reinforced concrete |
FRP | Fiber-reinforced polymer |
NSM | Near-surface mounted |
CFRP | Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer |
HSC | High-strength concrete |
SWR | Steel wire rope |
FC-SWR | Fiber-core steel wire rope |
LVDT | Linear Variable Differential Transducers |
R2K | Response-2000 |
MCFT | Modified Compression Field Theory |
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Material | Section | fy,m (MPa) | εy,m (%) | fu,m (MPa) | εu,m (%) | E (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Steel reinforcement | Ø8 | 373.85 | 0.185 | 525.33 | 20.91 | 201,624 |
Steel reinforcement | Ø12 | 394.60 | 0.211 | 614.26 | 14.55 | 187,596 |
Steel reinforcement | Ø13 | 479.71 | 0.243 | 742.52 | 24.55 | 197,664 |
Fiber-core steel wire rope | Ø10 | - | - | 743.73 | 2.85 | 35,725 |
Beam ID | Load Capacity (kN) | Deflection (mm) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cracking | Yield | Ultimate | Cracking | Yield | Ultimate | |
BC | 28.20 | 87.00 | 111.80 | 1.60 | 7.45 | 31.63 |
BS | 39.60 | 109.8 | 192.80 | 1.98 | 8.02 | 40.65 |
Specimen | Ductility Index | Initial Stiffness (N/mm) | Yield Stiffness (N/mm) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | Ratio | Value | Ratio | Value | Ratio | |
BC | 5.40 | 1 | 17,625 | 1 | 10,051 | 1 |
BS | 5.19 | 0.96 | 20,000 | 1.13 | 11,623 | 1.16 |
Beam ID | Pu (kN) | Ratio Pu,Exp/Pu,Ana | |
---|---|---|---|
Experimental | Analytical | ||
BC | 111.80 | 110.75 | 1.01 |
BS | 192.80 | 174.80 | 1.10 |
Model ID | FC-SWR Diameter (mm) | Pu (kN) | % Pu Increase Over Control Beam | δu (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
B-01 | - | 110.41 | - | 19.35 |
B-02 | 6 | 137.84 | 25 | 35.04 |
B-03 | 8 | 153.24 | 39 | 35.42 |
B-04 | 10 | 165.83 | 50 | 31.60 |
Model ID | FC-SWR Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) | Pu (kN) | δu (mm) | % Δu Decrease Over Control Beam |
---|---|---|---|---|
B-05 | - | 111.02 | 20.90 | - |
B-06 | 100,000 | 159.38 | 18.89 | 10 |
B-07 | 120,000 | 158.35 | 16.16 | 23 |
B-08 | 200,000 | 152.84 | 11.05 | 47 |
Model ID | Steel Reinforcement Ratio (%) | Pu (kN) | % Pu Increase Over Control Beam | δu (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
B-09 | 1.2 | 114.94 | - | 33.54 |
B-10 | 2.7 | 220.27 | 25 | 30.07 |
B-11 | 1.2 | 160.47 | 39 | 25.65 |
B-12 | 2.7 | 267.77 | 50 | 20.31 |
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Atmajayanti, A.T.; Haryanto, Y.; Hsiao, F.-P.; Hu, H.-T.; Nugroho, L. Effective Flexural Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete T-Beams Using Bonded Fiber-Core Steel Wire Ropes. Fibers 2025, 13, 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib13050053
Atmajayanti AT, Haryanto Y, Hsiao F-P, Hu H-T, Nugroho L. Effective Flexural Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete T-Beams Using Bonded Fiber-Core Steel Wire Ropes. Fibers. 2025; 13(5):53. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib13050053
Chicago/Turabian StyleAtmajayanti, Anggun Tri, Yanuar Haryanto, Fu-Pei Hsiao, Hsuan-Teh Hu, and Laurencius Nugroho. 2025. "Effective Flexural Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete T-Beams Using Bonded Fiber-Core Steel Wire Ropes" Fibers 13, no. 5: 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib13050053
APA StyleAtmajayanti, A. T., Haryanto, Y., Hsiao, F.-P., Hu, H.-T., & Nugroho, L. (2025). Effective Flexural Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete T-Beams Using Bonded Fiber-Core Steel Wire Ropes. Fibers, 13(5), 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib13050053