Tribological Performance of PVD Film Systems Against Plastic Counterparts for Adhesion-Reducing Application in Injection Molds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Topography and Surface Roughness
3.2. Surface Free Energy and Work of Adhesion
3.3. Tribological Properties
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Film System | dcMS- CrN | HiPIMS- CrN | dcMS- CrAlN | HiPIMS- CrAlN | CrAlSiN | Al2O3 | a-C (Top Layer) | a-C:H (Top Layer) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sputter mode | dcMS | HiPIMS | dcMS | HiPIMS | dcMS | mfMS | mfMS | mfMS |
Target × cathode power (kW) or voltage (V) | 2 Cr × 4.0 kW | 2 Cr × 4.0 kW | 2 AlCr20 × 5.0 kW | 2 AlCr20 × 7.0 kW | 2 AlCr24 × 5.0 kW 1 Cr × 1.0 kW 1 Si × 2.0 kW | 2 Al × 410 V | 2 C × 3 kW | 2 C × 3 kW |
Pulse frequency (Hz) | – | 1000 | – | 600 | – | – | – | – |
Pulse duration (µs) | – | 50 | – | 50 | – | – | – | – |
Mid frequency (kHz) | – | – | – | – | – | 50 | 20 | 20 |
Pressure (mPa) | 400 | 400 | 500 | 500 | 500 | control | 300 | 300 |
Ar flow (sccm) | 300 | 300 | 120 | 80 | 120 | 300 | control | control |
Kr flow (sccm) | 50 | 50 | 180 | 40 | 80 | – | – | – |
N2 flow (sccm) | control | control | control | control | control | – | – | – |
O2 flow (sccm) | – | – | – | – | – | 60 | – | – |
C2H2 flow (sccm) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 35 |
Bias voltage (−V) | 90 | 100 | 120 | 150 | 120 | 100 | 130 | 130 |
Deposition time (s) | 10.000 | 20.000 | 21.000 | 20.000 | 21.200 | 7.200 | 18.000 | 12.500 |
Film System | Chemical Composition [at.%] | Hardness [GPa] | Elastic Modulus [GPa] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cr | Al | Si | N | O | |||
dcMS-CrN | 52.4 ± 0.8 | – | – | 47.6 ± 0.8 | – | 22.9 ± 1.3 | 301.8 ± 17.7 |
HiPIMS-CrN | 64.0 ± 1.1 | – | – | 36.0 ± 1.1 | – | 24.6 ± 1.7 | 332.4 ± 15.8 |
dcMS-CrAlN | 12.3 ± 0.5 | 36.0 ± 1.0 | – | 51.8 ± 1.5 | – | 26.7 ± 2.2 | 306.9 ± 14.4 |
HiPIMS-CrAlN | 33.2 ± 1.0 | 14.5 ± 0.2 | – | 52.4 ± 1.2 | – | 33.3 ± 4.1 | 354.6 ± 36.7 |
dcMS-CrAlSiN | 15.5 ± 0.6 | 24.3 ± 0.7 | 8.1 ± 0.2 | 52.2 ± 1.4 | – | 27.6 ± 1.7 | 291.5 ± 11.5 |
Al2O3 | – | 45.0 ± 0.2 | – | – | 55.0 ± 0.2 | 14.9 ± 0.9 | 193.4 ± 7.1 |
a-C | Hydrogen-free amorphous carbon | 20.5 ± 1.5 | 190.7 ± 8.4 | ||||
a-C:H | Hydrogenated amorphous carbon | 16.4 ± 1.0 | 148.5 ± 6.1 |
Test Liquid | |||
---|---|---|---|
Distilled water | 72.8 | 21.8 | 51 |
Ethylene glycol | 48 | 29 | 19 |
Dimethylformamide | 37.3 | 32.4 | 4.9 |
1-Octanol | 21.6 | 21.6 | 0 |
1-Decanol | 28.5 | 22.2 | 6.3 |
Plastic Counterpart | |||
---|---|---|---|
PA | 47.5 | 36.8 | 10.7 |
PP | 31.2 | 30.5 | 0.7 |
PS | 42.0 | 41.4 | 0.6 |
Surface System | Static Contact Angle [°] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water | Ethylene Glycol | Dimethylformamide | 1-Octanol | 1-Decanol | |
Uncoated AISI H11 | 69.4 ± 1.7 | 59.6 ± 2.07 | 32.6 ± 2.1 | 2.0 ± 2.1 | 14.4 ± 1.8 |
dcMS-CrN | 93.2 ± 0.8 | 77.2 ± 0.8 | 35.2 ± 1.6 | 11.8 ± 0.8 | 21.8 ± 1.8 |
HiPIMS-CrN | 100.2 ± 0.8 | 75.6 ± 1.1 | 50.4 ± 1.7 | 13.2 ± 1.5 | 26.4 ± 2.5 |
dcMS-CrAlN | 94.6 ± 1.1 | 75.0 ± 2.6 | 34.2 ± 1.9 | 0 | 9.6 ± 2.1 |
HiPIMS-CrAlN | 94.6 ± 1.3 | 75.2 ± 0.8 | 42.0 ± 1.6 | 4.8 ± 1.9 | 24.4 ± 1.5 |
CrAlSiN | 94.4 ± 1.8 | 72.8 ± 1.9 | 41.4 ± 1.7 | 7.2 ± 1.8 | 25.4 ± 2.3 |
Al2O3 | 81.2 ± 1.6 | 59.6 ± 1.1 | 28.4 ± 1.1 | 0 | 12.8 ± 0.8 |
a-C | 88.2 ± 1.8 | 58.8 ± 2.3 | 15.4 ± 1.7 | 0 | 0.8 ± 1.1 |
a-C:H | 73.2 ± 1.8 | 39.4 ± 0.9 | 10.4 ± 1.5 | 0 | 1.8 ± 1.8 |
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Tillmann, W.; Lopes Dias, N.F.; Stangier, D.; Gelinski, N. Tribological Performance of PVD Film Systems Against Plastic Counterparts for Adhesion-Reducing Application in Injection Molds. Coatings 2019, 9, 588. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9090588
Tillmann W, Lopes Dias NF, Stangier D, Gelinski N. Tribological Performance of PVD Film Systems Against Plastic Counterparts for Adhesion-Reducing Application in Injection Molds. Coatings. 2019; 9(9):588. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9090588
Chicago/Turabian StyleTillmann, Wolfgang, Nelson Filipe Lopes Dias, Dominic Stangier, and Nikolai Gelinski. 2019. "Tribological Performance of PVD Film Systems Against Plastic Counterparts for Adhesion-Reducing Application in Injection Molds" Coatings 9, no. 9: 588. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9090588