The Scratch Resistance of a Plasma-Assisted DUPLEX-Treated 17-4 Precipitation-Hardened Stainless Steel Additively Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Additive Manufacturing of 17-4 PH SS
2.2. The DUPLEX Treatment
2.3. Material Characterization
2.4. Scratch Resistance
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Chemical and Microstructural Analysis
3.2. Crystalline Phase Identification
3.3. Cross-Sectional Characterization after the DUPLEX Treatment
3.4. Hardness Analysis after the DUPLEX Treatment
3.5. Scratch Resistance of the DUPLEX 3D-Printed 17-4 HP SS
3.5.1. Dynamic Scratch Testing
3.5.2. Static Scratch Resistance
4. Conclusions
- The heat distribution during the printing process and the thermal history significantly influenced the microstructure of the steel after heat treatment. In the steel obtained by AM, a fine distribution of austenite grains was observed, with small sporadic zones of retained austenite, whereas the forged steel exhibited less refined austenite grains, with the presence of large grains of retained austenite. These differences directly impacted the mechanical properties of the materials, resulting in an observed increase in surface hardness for the forged material.
- After DUPLEX treatment, the formation of iron nitrides, the appearance of the expanded phase, and the reduction of the gamma phase of iron were observed. For the nitriding conditions that we used, the appearance of segregated Cr-N phases was not observed, which can increase brittleness and reduce fatigue resistance. The thickness of the nitrided layers was between 21 µm and 26 µm, demonstrating the high efficiency of the low-temperature AEGD-assisted nitriding process. Similarly, the growth of a homogeneous AlCrN layer of a 1.27 µm thickness was observed, composed of microdroplets, which is typical of the cathodic evaporation process by electric arc.
- The creation of a hardness gradient on the surface was observed when carrying out the DUPLEX treatment. The nitriding process increased the hardness of the heat-treated steel by between 210% and 260%, while the AlCrN coating increased the hardness of the substrate by 830% and 338% with respect to the nitrided surface.
- It was demonstrated that the coatings exhibited acceptable adhesion; however, differences in failure modes were observed, which were related to mechanical properties. The steel manufactured by AM presented cohesive failures related to compression mechanisms and plastic deformation. The forged steel showed failures related to brittle mechanisms induced by tension. However, the adhesive failure patterns were similar for both materials and were characterized by the appearance of chippings, indicated by rounded areas where the coating detached. Finally, at loads greater than 30 N, gross spallation of the coating was observed, which is attributed to critical plastic deformation of the substrate.
- A reduction in the coefficient of friction (COF) of the materials was observed when performing the DUPLEX treatment. Additionally, instabilities in the COF due to critical plastic deformation were reduced. This produced a decrease in the worn volume and the amount of material accumulated on the edges of the scratch track, which in turn was reflected in the decrease in the wear coefficient of between 21% and 31% after the application of the DUPLEX treatment.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | Initial Powder (wt. %) | Forged (wt. %) | L-PBF (wt. %) | Nominal Composition from Concept Laser (wt. %) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Si | 0.45 | 0.88 | 0.28 | 1 |
P | 0.04 | 0.24 | <0.01 | 0.04 |
S | 0.02 | 0.36 | <0.01 | 0–0.03 |
Cr | 17.16 | 15.72 | 17.5 | 15–17.5 |
Mn | 0.8 | 1.34 | 0.98 | 1 |
Ni | 4.80 | 4.39 | 4.71 | 3–5 |
Cu | 4.75 | 3.10 | 4.45 | 3–5 |
Nb | 0.25 | 1.07 | 0.3 | 0.15–0.45 |
Fe | 71.73 | 72.90 | 71.68 | Balance |
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Gómez-Ortega, A.; Pinilla-Bedoya, J.A.; Ortega-Portilla, C.; Félix-Martínez, C.; Mondragón-Rodríguez, G.C.; Espinosa-Arbeláez, D.G.; Pérez-Barrera, J.; González-Carmona, J.M.; Franco Urquiza, E.A. The Scratch Resistance of a Plasma-Assisted DUPLEX-Treated 17-4 Precipitation-Hardened Stainless Steel Additively Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion. Coatings 2024, 14, 605. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14050605
Gómez-Ortega A, Pinilla-Bedoya JA, Ortega-Portilla C, Félix-Martínez C, Mondragón-Rodríguez GC, Espinosa-Arbeláez DG, Pérez-Barrera J, González-Carmona JM, Franco Urquiza EA. The Scratch Resistance of a Plasma-Assisted DUPLEX-Treated 17-4 Precipitation-Hardened Stainless Steel Additively Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion. Coatings. 2024; 14(5):605. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14050605
Chicago/Turabian StyleGómez-Ortega, Arturo, Julián Andrés Pinilla-Bedoya, Carolina Ortega-Portilla, Christian Félix-Martínez, Guillermo César Mondragón-Rodríguez, Diego Germán Espinosa-Arbeláez, James Pérez-Barrera, Juan Manuel González-Carmona, and Edgar Adrián Franco Urquiza. 2024. "The Scratch Resistance of a Plasma-Assisted DUPLEX-Treated 17-4 Precipitation-Hardened Stainless Steel Additively Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion" Coatings 14, no. 5: 605. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14050605
APA StyleGómez-Ortega, A., Pinilla-Bedoya, J. A., Ortega-Portilla, C., Félix-Martínez, C., Mondragón-Rodríguez, G. C., Espinosa-Arbeláez, D. G., Pérez-Barrera, J., González-Carmona, J. M., & Franco Urquiza, E. A. (2024). The Scratch Resistance of a Plasma-Assisted DUPLEX-Treated 17-4 Precipitation-Hardened Stainless Steel Additively Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion. Coatings, 14(5), 605. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14050605