Effect of Temperature, Vacuum Condition and Surface Roughness on Oxygen Boost Diffusion of Ti–6Al–4V Alloy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Procedure
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of Temperature on the OBD Treatment Process
3.1.1. Effect of Temperature on the Oxidation and Diffusion Progress
3.1.2. Effect of Temperature on Mechanical Properties of the Substrate
3.2. Effect of Vacuum Degree on OBD Treatment
3.3. Effect of Surface Roughness on OBD Treatment
3.3.1. Surface Morphology
3.3.2. Effect of Surface Roughness on Thermal Oxidation
3.3.3. Effect of Surface Roughness on Oxygen Diffusion
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- Temperature not only affects the oxidation rate and diffusion rate but also affects the mechanical properties of the substrate. The relationship between weight gain and time follows the parabolic oxidation kinetics at low temperatures (600 °C). When the temperature is raised to 700–850 °C, the relationship becomes linear. This study also showed that if the surface oxide layer is too thick, it will crack or spall after the substrate is removed from the muffle furnace. The appropriate thickness that has no cracking is ≈5–8 μm. Mechanical property test results indicate that low temperatures require longer diffusion times, which is uneconomical and leads to a greater reduction in the mechanical properties of the substrate compared to short-term treatment at high temperatures. Based on the test results, 850 °C is the preferred temperature for OBD treatment.
- (2)
- The influence of vacuum conditions on oxygen diffusion is significant. Oxygen contained in the vacuum diffusion environment can promote oxygen potential and accelerate the occurrence of diffusion to obtain a thicker OBD layer. However, if the oxygen content is too high (such as under a vacuum condition of 1 × 10−1 Pa), oxidation will also be accelerated and the formed OBD layer will be consumed due to oxidation, resulting in a final OBD layer that is ≈150 μm thick and has an outermost cracked layer and a significant oxide layer on the surface. Except for an increase in the thickness to ≈160 μm under moderate vacuum conditions (such as 1 × 10−2 Pa), both the cracked layer and the oxide layer still exist. The OBD layer obtained under the 1 × 10−3 Pa vacuum condition has the highest thickness (≈180 μm), hardness and no cracked surface layer; however, it also has a remaining oxide layer. Though the OBD layer obtained under the 1 × 10−4 Pa vacuum condition is slightly thinner, it has no remaining oxide layer. These results indicate that during the diffusion process, the vacuum condition should not be lower than 1 × 10−4 Pa.
- (3)
- Surface roughness does not affect the thickness of the OBD layer, but it does affect the surface quality of the OBD layer. When the surface roughness is too high, mutual compression of the oxide layer at sharp locations will induce cracking of the oxide layer during the oxidation process; the outermost surface of the OBD layer will also crack during the diffusion process. Based on the experimental results, the appropriate surface roughness is Ra ≤ 0.132 (equivalent to polishing with sandpaper that is no coarser than 800#).
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sandpaper | Ra/μm | Areal/μm2 | Ain/% |
---|---|---|---|
80 grit | 0.463 | 2627 | 5.08 |
400 grit | 0.267 | 2576 | 3.04 |
800 grit | 0.132 | 2549 | 1.96 |
1200 grit | 0.102 | 2518 | 0.72 |
1500 grit | 0.083 | 2509 | 0.36 |
2000 grit | 0.076 | 2506 | 0.24 |
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Xu, Y.; Jiang, Y.; Xie, J.; Xu, Q.; Fei, H.; Lu, Y.; Gong, J. Effect of Temperature, Vacuum Condition and Surface Roughness on Oxygen Boost Diffusion of Ti–6Al–4V Alloy. Coatings 2024, 14, 314. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14030314
Xu Y, Jiang Y, Xie J, Xu Q, Fei H, Lu Y, Gong J. Effect of Temperature, Vacuum Condition and Surface Roughness on Oxygen Boost Diffusion of Ti–6Al–4V Alloy. Coatings. 2024; 14(3):314. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14030314
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Yujie, Yong Jiang, Jinyang Xie, Qingchen Xu, Hao Fei, Yilan Lu, and Jianming Gong. 2024. "Effect of Temperature, Vacuum Condition and Surface Roughness on Oxygen Boost Diffusion of Ti–6Al–4V Alloy" Coatings 14, no. 3: 314. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14030314
APA StyleXu, Y., Jiang, Y., Xie, J., Xu, Q., Fei, H., Lu, Y., & Gong, J. (2024). Effect of Temperature, Vacuum Condition and Surface Roughness on Oxygen Boost Diffusion of Ti–6Al–4V Alloy. Coatings, 14(3), 314. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14030314