Effects of High Temperature and Different Salt Solutions on Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Composites’ Bonded Joint Durability Impact
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Test Pieces
- (1)
- Selection of BFRP substrate. In order to ensure the area of the bonding area, the water jet is used to accurately cut the sheet, and the cut sheets are reasonably matched.
- (2)
- Numbering the test pieces. In order to avoid obtaining the wrong substrate during the bonding process, the test pieces are numbered.
- (3)
- Mark the bonding area. Mark a horizontal line at 25 cm on the BFRP substrate to ensure that the bonding area is 25 cm × 25 cm.
- (4)
- Wipe the BFRP substrate: Since the BFRP substrate will stick to grease and dust during the production process, this can seriously affect the bonding performance, meaning that the research cannot draw the most realistic conclusion. Therefore, use acetone to wipe the surface of BFRP before bonding to remove the grease and dust on the surface, and maximize the effect of the adhesive.
- (5)
- Apply glue. After wiping with acetone for 10–15 min, use glue gun to glue.
- (6)
- Carry out bonding. The whole bonding process is carried out at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C). When bonding, lap two BFRP substrates on the fixture, add gaskets to control the thickness of the adhesive layer at 0.1 mm, and finally press and tighten the joints.
2.3. Experimental Method
2.4. Water Absorption Test
2.5. DSC Test
2.6. FTIR Test
2.7. TGA-DTG Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Hygroscopicity Analysis
3.2. Adhesive DSC Results
3.3. FTIR Results
3.4. TGA-DTG Results
3.5. Tensile Test Analysis
3.5.1. Failure Strength Analysis
3.5.2. Load Displacement Curve
3.5.3. Failure Mode Analysis
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The adhesive has a lower saturated water absorption in the salt solution. The presence of ions inhibits the entry of water into the interior of the adhesive, resulting in a higher failure strength of the bonded joint in the salt solution. This is consistent with the results obtained from the DSC test.
- (2)
- The TGA-DTG results showed that the final residual mass of the adhesive in the three environments was extremely similar, which was 22%, 23%, and 21% of the original mass, respectively. In addition, the TGA-DTG curves of the adhesive after aging for different times were very similar. The decrease in quality is due to the evaporation of water due to the increase in temperature and the degradation of some of the resins in the adhesive.
- (3)
- As the aging time increases, The concentration of the salt solution had no significant effect on the adhesive nor on the bonded joints. The Tg values of the adhesive in the two environments of the 3.5% NaCl solution and 5% NaCl solution were similar, and the failure strength curves of the bonded joints in the two environments were close to overlapping. However, the Tg decreased by 46.42% after aging for 30 days in the DW solution environment. The decrease in the adhesive’s Tg was related to the humidity-induced plasticizing effect and the decrease in the density of the cross-linked polymer.
- (4)
- The bonded joints changed from tearing failure to mixed failure mainly due to internal polymerization before and after aging, and the hydrolysis led to a decrease in the bonding performance of the adhesive, which was corroborated by the FTIR results, which showed that the high temperature decreased the moisture with the increase in the aging time and the post-curing reaction impeded the hydrolysis reaction. The change in the failure mode of the bonded joints is the result of the post-curing effect and the hydrolysis reaction.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ML-5417A/ML-5417B Epoxy Resin | Basalt Fiber Unidirectional Fabric | ||
---|---|---|---|
Cure condition | 25 °C × 24 h + 100 °C × 3 h | Surface density/(g·cm−2) | 300 |
Epoxy value/(g/ep) | 165–175 | Tensile strength/(MPa) | 2100 |
25° Density/(g·cm−3) | 1.10–1.20 | Young’s modulus/(GPa) | 105 |
Tensile modulus/(MPa) | 2800–3200 | Elongation/(%) | 2.6 |
Tg/(°C) | 110–125 | Nominal thickness/(mm) | 0.115 |
Single fiber size/(um) | 13 |
Glass Transition Temperature (°C) | Young’s Modulus/GPa | Shear Modulus/GPa | Poisson’s Ratio | Density/(Kg/m3) |
---|---|---|---|---|
75 ± 4 | 1.85 | 0.56 | 0.33 | 1.4 |
Environment | Diffusion Coefficient D (10−3) | Saturated Water Absorption (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Araldite®2015 | DW | 3.53 | 15.61 |
3.5% NaCl | 3.74 | 11.40 | |
5% NaCl | 3.94 | 10.32 | |
BFRP | DW | 1.26 | 2.24 |
3.5% NaCl | 2.89 | 1.22 | |
5% NaCl | 2.95 | 1.59 |
Wave Number (cm−1) | Functional Group |
---|---|
885 cm−1 | -CH |
1186 cm−1 | Si-O-Si |
1552 cm−1 | Benzene ring |
1745 cm−1 | -C=O |
3015 cm−1 | -CH2 |
3801 cm−1 | O-H, N-H |
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Peng, H.; Lin, Y.; Chen, Z.; Ma, S.; Shangguan, L.; Cheng, R.; Fan, Y. Effects of High Temperature and Different Salt Solutions on Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Composites’ Bonded Joint Durability Impact. Coatings 2023, 13, 1936. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13111936
Peng H, Lin Y, Chen Z, Ma S, Shangguan L, Cheng R, Fan Y. Effects of High Temperature and Different Salt Solutions on Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Composites’ Bonded Joint Durability Impact. Coatings. 2023; 13(11):1936. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13111936
Chicago/Turabian StylePeng, Han, Yinghao Lin, Zeshao Chen, Shengtao Ma, Linjian Shangguan, Ruixue Cheng, and Yisa Fan. 2023. "Effects of High Temperature and Different Salt Solutions on Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Composites’ Bonded Joint Durability Impact" Coatings 13, no. 11: 1936. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13111936
APA StylePeng, H., Lin, Y., Chen, Z., Ma, S., Shangguan, L., Cheng, R., & Fan, Y. (2023). Effects of High Temperature and Different Salt Solutions on Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Composites’ Bonded Joint Durability Impact. Coatings, 13(11), 1936. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13111936