Energy, Economic and Environmental Assessment of Thermal Barrier Application in Building Envelope Structures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Description of the Known State of the Art and Contribution to the Advancement of Knowledge on the Field
3. Thermal Barrier in Building Structures
3.1. The Function of the Thermal Barrier
- Ri—thermal resistance of the j-th layer of the structure ((m2K)/W),
- dj—thickness of the j-th layer of the structure (m),
- Rj—thermal resistance of the j-th layer of the structure ((m2K)/W),
- Rc—total thermal resistance of the structure ((m2K)/W),
- Rsi—thermal resistance to heat transfer at the internal surface of the structure ((m2K)/W),
- Rse—thermal resistance to heat transfer at the external surface of the structure ((m2K)/W),
- R—thermal resistance of the structure ((m2K)/W) [4].
- U—heat transfer coefficient of the structure (W/(m2K)),
- Rsi—thermal resistance to heat transfer at the internal surface of the structure ((m2K)/W),
- R—thermal resistance of the structure ((m2K)/W),
- Rse—thermal resistance to heat transfer at the external surface of the structure ((m2K)/W) [4].
- θj—temperature in the j-th layer of the structure (°C),
- θi—internal design temperature (°C),
- θe—outdoor design temperature in winter (°C),
- U—heat transfer coefficient of the structure (W/(m2K)),
- Rsi—thermal resistance to heat transfer at the internal surface of the structure ((m2K)/W),
3.2. Continuous Control of the Heating/Cooling Supply Temperature According to the Temperature at the Level of the Thermal Barrier
4. Energy, Economic and Environmental Analysis of the Use of the Thermal Barrier
- qTB—specific heat flux from the TB (W/(m2)),
- Ue—coefficient of heat transfer of the structure from the thermal insulation towards the exterior (W/(m2K)),
- θj—temperature in the j-th layer of the structure (°C)
- QTB—annual heat demand for a TB with a fragment area of 1 m2 (GJ/year, kWh/year),
- t—TB operation time per day (8, 16, 24 h),
- ΦHL—heat input of TB (kW), ΦHL= qTB × A/1000 (kW)
- qTB—specific heat flux from TB (W/m2)
- A—area = 1 m2,
- ε—coefficient of non-present of operation, type of control and heating mode (−),
- ε = 0.80 central control,
- ε = 0.75 central zonal control,
- ε = 0.70 central control and individual control,
- θi—indoor design temperature (°C)
- θe—outdoor winter design temperature (°C)
- θe,pr—average outdoor air temperature in the heating period (°C),
- QTB, RSE or WH—annual heat demand for a TB with a fragment area of 1 m2 using RES or waste heat (GJ/year, kWh/year),
- QTB—annual heat demand for a TB with a fragment area of 1 m2 (GJ/year, kWh/year),
- RES—delivered heat from RES to TB (%),
- WH—delivered heat from WH to TB (%).
- PHEAT-TB—annual cost of heat delivered to a TB with a fragment area of 1 m2 (€/year),
- PHEAT-TB, RSE or WH—annual cost of heat delivered to a TB with a fragment area of 1 m2 using RES or waste heat (€/year),
- QTB, RSE or WH—annual heat demand for TB using RES or waste heat (GJ/year, kWh/year)
- QTB—annual heat demand for TB (GJ/year, kWh/year),
- PHEAT—unit price for heat, natural gas, electricity and other energy carriers (€/kWh).
- the temperature between the load-bearing part and the thermal insulation part of the envelope wall is 15.3 °C, with a standard value of 18.7 °C;
- a thermal resistance of 1.7 (m2K)/W, with a standard value of 6.5 (m2K)/W;
- a specific heat flux of 19.1 W/m2, with a standard value of 4.6 W/m2;
- price of thermal insulation 4.8 €/m2, with standard value 20.2 €/m2.
- annual heat demand for TB at 24 h operation 27.34 kWh/(m2year),
- annual heat demand for TB at 16 h operation 18.22 kWh/(m2year),
- annual heat demand for TB at 8 h operation 9.11 kWh/(m2year).
- the annual cost for TB at 24 h operation at the maximum price is 2.73 €/(m2year),
- the annual cost for TB at 24 h operation at the minimum price is 0.82 €/(m2year),
- the annual cost for TB for 24 h operation at the electricity price is 1.73 €/(m2year),
- the annual cost for TB at 24 h operation at the natural gas price is 0.98 €/(m2year).
4.1. Economic Indicator No. 1—Time Period of Higher Economic Efficiency of the Thermal Barrier Depending on Energy Prices and Thickness of Thermal Insulation
- EI1—economic indicator No. 1 taking into account the annual heat demand for a TB with a fragment area of 1 m2 without the use of RES or waste heat (years),
- EI1, RSE or WH—economic indicator No 1 taking into account the annual heat demand for a TB with a fragment area of 1 m2 using RES or waste heat (years),
- PEPS-STANDARD—price per m2 of thermal insulation thickness at the standard value of thermal resistance of the building structure (€/m2),
- PEPS-TB—price per m2 of thermal insulation thickness for building construction with TB (€/m2),
- PHEAT-TB—annual cost of heat delivered to a TB with a fragment area of 1 m2 (€/year),
- PHEAT-TB, RSE or WH—annual cost of heat delivered to a TB with a fragment area of 1 m2 using RES or waste heat (€/year).
4.2. Economic Indicator No. 2—The Relationship between the Higher Selling Price of the Building and Heat for TB
- EI2—economic indicator No. 2 taking into account the annual heat demand for a TB with a fragment area of 1 m2 without the use of RES or waste heat (years),
- EI2, RSE or WH—economic indicator No. 2 taking into account the annual heat demand for a TB with a fragment area of 1 m2 using RES or waste heat (years),
- A—sales area obtained by using TB with a smaller thickness of the building envelope compared to the standard value of the building envelope walls (m2),
- ATB—total area of facade with TB (m2),
- PREAL ESTATE PRICE—price per m2 of real estate by region in Slovakia (€/m2),
- PHEAT-TB—annual cost of heat delivered to a TB with a fragment area of 1 m2 (€/year),
- PHEAT-TB, RSE or WH—annual cost of heat delivered to a TB with a fragment area of 1 m2 using RES or waste heat (€/year).
4.3. Economic Indicator No. 3—The Relationship between Gray Energy and Heat for TB
- flax fibers: 30 kWh/m3;
- hemp fibers: 40 kWh/m3;
- wood pulp: 50 kWh/m3;
- sheep wool: 55 kWh/m3;
- mineral wool: 150 kWh/m3;
- perlite: 230 kWh/m3;
- glass wool: 250 kWh/m3;
- expanded clay: 300 kWh/m3;
- cork board: 450 kWh/m3;
- expanded polystyrene: 450 kWh/m3;
- polyesters: 600 kWh/m3;
- extruded polystyrene: 850 kWh/m3;
- polyurethane foam: 1000 to 1200 kWh/m3;
- fibreboard (soft): 1400 kWh/m3;
- porous glass: 700 to 1300 kWh/m3.
- EI3—economic indicator No. 3 taking into account the annual heat demand for a TB with a fragment area of 1 m2 without the use of RES or waste heat (years),
- EI3, RSE or WH—economic indicator No. 3 taking into account the annual heat demand for a TB with a fragment area of 1 m2 using RES or waste heat (years),
- ΔGE—increased grey energy when using thermal insulation with a thickness corresponding to the standard thermal resistance compared to a building structure with TB (kWh/m3),
- V—increased volume of thermal insulation for the building structure corresponding to the standard thermal resistance compared to the building structure with TB with a fragment area of 1 m2 (m3),
- PGE—gray energy price (€/kWh),
- PHEAT-TB—annual cost of heat delivered to a TB with a fragment area of 1 m2 (€/year),
- PHEAT-TB, RSE or WH—annual cost of heat delivered to a TB with a fragment area of 1 m2 using RES or waste heat (€/year).
5. Results and Discussion
- The thermal barrier is one of the functions of building structures with integrated energy-active elements;
- From the review of the scientific literature, it is clear that this is a very new area of research and so far most studies on TB are based on calculations, computer simulations and experimental measurements. Few studies have focused on the economic and environmental aspects of TB use;
- The heat required to cover heat loss of the interior in the application of a conventional building structure meeting standard requirements and a building structure with TB remains the same, except that in the case of TB, the thickness of the thermal insulation is reduced and the heat is supplied to the facade rather than to the interior of the building;
- A parametric study based on theoretical assumptions states that the thermal barrier shows, in terms of evaluation of economic indicators No. 1 to 3, highly promising and effective solution;
- For example, for a TB application with less than half the thermal insulation thickness (100 mm) compared to the normative building construction (TI = 210 mm), economic indicator No. 1 takes 11 years for maximum energy price 18 years for electricity, 31 years for natural gas and 37 years for minimum energy price;
- Economic indicator 2 characterizes the potential for a higher sales price. For example, for an apartment building with a length of 50 m, a width of 20 m, a 3.3 m construction height, eight stories and a thermal insulation thickness of 50 mm, the total thickness of the building envelope is approximately 279 mm and the standard value is 439 mm. For a given building, we can obtain an increased area of about 140 m2, which means a higher selling price of 148,000 to 391,000 €. Figure 15 shows that economic indicator 2—the time period of higher economic efficiency of the TB depending on energy prices and insulation thickness in relation to the ratio of potential higher profit from revenue and cost of heat demand for the TB depending on the average property price in each location—represents a high economic potential, for example 21 years for the Bratislava region and up to 55 years for the Nitra region;
- Economic indicator No. 3—the time period of higher economic efficiency of TB depending on energy prices and thickness of thermal insulation in relation to the ratio of gray energy and heat demand for TB—is 7.5 years when using thermal insulation with a thickness of 100 mm (normative value is 210 mm);
- Figure 17 describes the economic indicator No. 1—time period of higher economic efficiency of the thermal barrier with a thermal insulation thickness of 100 mm compared to the standard construction of the facade (210 mm TI) depending on energy prices and the use of RES. the graph in Figure 17 shows that for a facade with a thermal insulation thickness of 100 mm and 50% use of RES supplied for the thermal barrier, at current heat prices (minimum to maximum price) such a facade is more economically advantageous depending on the operating time of the thermal barrier in the building (for example 16 h) from 33 to 111 years;
- In general, it can be stated that when using heat from RES or waste heat for TB, the economic efficiency for all economic indicators is directly proportional to the amount of such delivered energy. For example, 50% RES represents a two-fold longer economic efficiency of TB in all three economic indicators;
- Other variants of the use of facades with integrated energy-active elements are described in article [23];
- Thermal insulation panels with active regulation of heat transfer with integrated active area—a register collecting solar energy or energy of the surrounding environment—are applied as a standard contact insulation system. Active area—a register formed by the pipes for liquid or gaseous heat carrier—is a characteristic of the exterior surface. These thermally active panels are applied in combination with renewable heat sources, shown in Figure 19 [23];
- Combination of thermal insulation panels with active regulation of heat transfer with active thermal protection (ATP) with an integrated active area (heating and cooling) presents another possibility of creating a compact insulation system, shown in Figure 20. This category includes insulation panels with ATP (WATER as the heat carrier or AIR (the heat carrier is air) with an additional function of absorber on the exterior side to collect energy of the surrounding environment). Thereby, the multiple functions of the construction and the contact insulation system are expanded, and at the same time the number of operations in the process of construction of a building and realization of an energy system is decreased. Simplicity and technological procedure of realizing the combined facade system remains unchanged, as before [23].
6. Conclusions
7. Patents
- EUROPEAN PATENT EP 2 572 057 B1: Heat insulating panel with active regulation of heat transition. Date of publication and mention of the grant of the patent: 15.10.2014 In: Bullettin 2014/42 European Patent Office, interantional application number: PCT/SK2011/000004, international publication number: WO 2011/146025 (24.11.2011 Gazette 2011/47), 67p. [33].
- UTILITY MODEL SK 5725 Y1 (UTILITY MODEL): Thermal insulation panel for systems with active heat transfer control. Date of entry into force of the utility model: 25.2.2011 In: Vestník ÚPV SR č.: 4/2011, 63 p. [34].
- UTILITY MODEL SK 5729 Y1 (UTILITY MODEL): Self-supporting thermal insulation panel for systems with active heat transfer control. Date of entry into force of the utility model: 28.2.2011 In: Vestník ÚPV SR č.: 4/2011, 32p. [35].
- UTILITY MODEL SK 5749 Y1 (UTILITY MODEL): Method of operation of a combined construction-energy system of buildings and equipment. Date of entry into force of the utility model: 1.4.2011 In: Vestník ÚPV SR č.: 5/2011, 23p. [37].
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Heat Producers | Title | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trnavská teplárenská | €/MWh | 35.85 | 37.19 | 40.14 | 44.18 | 46.66 | 47.24 | 48.23 | 48.79 | 50.77 | 51.74 | 54.748 | 54.535 |
Žilinská teplárenská, a.s. | €/MWh | 43.63 | 46.16 | 48.99 | 51.83 | 53.44 | 53.44 | 53.44 | 53.44 | 58.21 | 63.86 | 66.245 | 63.601 |
Martinská teplárenská, a.s. | €/MWh | 47.11 | 57.46 | 62.58 | 67.87 | 67.05 | 67.05 | 66.95 | 64.90 | 64.90 | 68.30 | 68.30 | 67.975 |
Zvolenská teplárenská, a.s. | €/MWh | 58.22 | 59.92 | 61.55 | 63.55 | 64.34 | 64.83 | 64.83 | 64.63 | 64.63 | 68.54 | 69.664 | 71.749 |
Tepláreň Košice, a.s. | €/MWh | 49.86 | 48.11 | 54.75 | 58.33 | 61.91 | 61.07 | 60.63 | 59.21 | 64,99 | 70.56 | 70.484 | 69.310 |
Tepláreň Považská Bystrica | €/MWh | 57.77 | 64.37 | 71.55 | 71.22 | 72.75 | 72.75 | 72.75 | 63.55 | 63.55 | 74.00 | 74.00 | 70.000 |
Bratislavská teplárenská, a.s. | €/MWh | 67.91 | 70.11 | 74.79 | 75.89 | 75.84 | 76.16 | 75.39 | 73.81 | 73.81 | 78.89 | 78.891 | 70.789 |
Marking | Thermal Resistance R | Quantity in Package | Quantity Per Pallet | Price without VAT | Price with VAT | Category |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(cm) | (m2K/W) | (m2) | (m2/pal.) | (€/m2) | (€/m2) | – |
EPS 70F 2 * | 0.50 | 15.00 | 150.00 | 1.20 | 1.44 | A |
EPS 70F 3 * | 0.75 | 10.00 | 100.00 | 1.80 | 2.16 | A |
EPS 70F 4 * | 1.5 | 7.50 | 75.00 | 2.40 | 2.88 | A |
EPS 70F 5 * | 1.30 | 6.00 | 60.00 | 3.00 | 3.60 | A |
EPS 70F 6 * | 1.55 | 5.00 | 50.00 | 3.60 | 4.32 | A |
EPS 70F 8 * | 2.10 | 3.50 | 35.00 | 4.80 | 5.76 | A |
EPS 70F 10 * | 2.60 | 3.00 | 30.00 | 6.00 | 7.20 | A |
EPS 70F 12 * | 3.15 | 2.50 | 25.00 | 7.20 | 8.64 | A |
EPS 70F 14 * | 3.65 | 2.00 | 20.00 | 8.40 | 10.8 | A |
EPS 70F 15 * | 3.90 | 2.00 | 20.00 | 9.00 | 10.80 | A |
EPS 70F 16 * | 4.20 | 1.50 | 15.00 | 9.60 | 11.52 | A |
EPS 70F 18 * | 4.70 | 1.50 | 15.00 | 10.80 | 12.96 | A |
EPS 70F 20 * | 5.25 | 1.50 | 15.00 | 12.00 | 14.40 | A |
EPS 70 F 22 | 5.80 | 1.00 | 10.00 | 13.20 | 15.84 | B |
EPS 70 F 24 | 6.30 | 1.00 | 10.00 | 14.40 | 17.28 | B |
EPS 70 F 25 | 6.60 | 1.00 | 10.00 | 15.00 | 18.00 | B |
EPS 70 F 26 | 6.85 | 1.00 | 10.00 | 15.60 | 18.72 | B |
EPS 70 F 28 | 7.35 | 1.00 | 10.00 | 16.80 | 20.16 | B |
EPS 70 F 30 | 7.85 | 1.00 | 10.00 | 18.00 | 21.60 | B |
Year, Quarter | SR Average | Region SR | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BA | TT | NR | TN | ZA | BB | KE | PO | ||
3Q 2021 | 2122 | 2870 | 1376 | 1080 | 1257 | 1491 | 1213 | 1482 | 1347 |
2Q 2021 | 2052 | 2787 | 1285 | 1053 | 1199 | 1451 | 1145 | 1434 | 1323 |
1Q 2021 | 1930 | 2579 | 1230 | 1018 | 1127 | 1395 | 1096 | 1495 | 1256 |
2020 | 1762 | 2333 | 1196 | 951 | 1054 | 1312 | 989 | 1325 | 1148 |
4Q 2020 | 1853 | 2470 | 1194 | 971 | 1065 | 1336 | 1092 | 1434 | 1226 |
3Q 2020 | 1792 | 2360 | 1198 | 988 | 1089 | 1330 | 1030 | 1421 | 1163 |
2Q 2020 | 1731 | 2273 | 1208 | 945 | 1038 | 1330 | 911 | 1354 | 1153 |
1Q 2020 | 1671 | 2231 | 1183 | 900 | 1025 | 1254 | 923 | 1092 | 1050 |
2019 | 1574 | 2102 | 1138 | 877 | 944 | 1123 | 825 | 1034 | 1036 |
4Q 2019 | 1597 | 2 132 | 1140 | 881 | 989 | 1164 | 823 | 1035 | 1085 |
3Q 2019 | 1603 | 2 148 | 1143 | 888 | 944 | 1151 | 825 | 1050 | 1046 |
2Q 2019 | 1556 | 2 072 | 1146 | 857 | 948 | 1099 | 843 | 1016 | 1025 |
1Q 2019 | 1539 | 2 053 | 1124 | 883 | 895 | 1076 | 809 | 1035 | 988 |
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Kalús, D.; Mučková, V.; Koudelková, D. Energy, Economic and Environmental Assessment of Thermal Barrier Application in Building Envelope Structures. Coatings 2021, 11, 1538. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11121538
Kalús D, Mučková V, Koudelková D. Energy, Economic and Environmental Assessment of Thermal Barrier Application in Building Envelope Structures. Coatings. 2021; 11(12):1538. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11121538
Chicago/Turabian StyleKalús, Daniel, Veronika Mučková, and Daniel Koudelková. 2021. "Energy, Economic and Environmental Assessment of Thermal Barrier Application in Building Envelope Structures" Coatings 11, no. 12: 1538. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11121538