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Article

Effects of Ti, Ni, and Dual Ti/Ni Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation on the Corrosion and Wear Properties of Magnesium Alloy

by
Jun Dai
1,2,*,
Zheng Liu
3,*,
Banglong Yu
1,
Qingdong Ruan
2 and
Paul K. Chu
2
1
School of Automotive Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, China
2
Department of Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, China
3
School of Mechanical Engineering, Guilin University of Aerospace Technology, Guilin 541004, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Coatings 2020, 10(4), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10040313
Submission received: 4 March 2020 / Revised: 17 March 2020 / Accepted: 23 March 2020 / Published: 26 March 2020
(This article belongs to the Section Plasma Coatings, Surfaces & Interfaces)
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Abstract

Ti, Ni, and Ti/Ni plasma immersion ion implantation is carried out on the AM60 magnesium alloy with a 6 × 1016 ions/cm2 fluence and energy of 35 keV. The corrosion and wear properties of the ion-implanted samples are determined systematically by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical methods and wear tests. A Ni-rich layer composed of α-Mg, Ni2O3, and NiTi2 is formed on the surface after dual Ti/Ni ion implantation, and the ion implantation range is approximately 300 nm. The corrosion resistance of the Ni- and Ti/Ni-implanted AM60 samples is significantly reduced in the 3.5% NaCl solution. However, NiTi2 does not adhere well to the grinding ring during the wear test due to the bonding properties, and the sample implanted with both Ti and Ni shows the best wear resistance.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Magnesium alloys are widely used in many fields because of their light weight, good damping capacity, and recycling potential [1,2,3]. Unfortunately, the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys in many engineering applications is insufficient [4,5] and methods such as micro-arc oxidation [6,7], laser cladding [8,9], plasma electrolytic oxidation [10,11] and ion implantation [12,13,14,15] have been proposed to improve the corrosion properties. For example, Zn [16,17], Zr [18], Nd [19], C2H2 [20] and Si [21] ion implantations have been conducted on Mg alloys to improve the surface properties [17,22].
Some duplex coatings such as Ti/N [23,24], Al/N [25], Zr/N [26] and Cr/O [27] have also been investigated. AZ31 Mg Alloy samples with N and Ti duplex ion implantation possess a significantly improved corrosion resistance. Dual Zr/N plasma ion implantation forms a 53 nm thick Zr rich layer and a 66 nm thick N rich layer on the WE43 Mg alloy. The corrosion resistance of the Mg alloy sample is improved following dual ion implantation.
It is difficult for the composition of single-ion implantation to meet the various requirements in harsh environments. There are few studies on the interaction between ions after duplex ion implantation. Metal ions and non-metal ions are usually used together to improve the properties of Mg alloys. In spite of recent advances, dual metal ion implantation on AM60 magnesium alloy has seldom been performed with successful outcomes.
In this work, AM60 magnesium alloy is implanted with Ti, Ni, as well Ti/Ni. The corrosion and wear properties of the various samples were studied in detail and the mechanism was investigated with the aid of first-principles calculation.

2. Experimental Details and Theoretical Calculation

AM60 magnesium alloy plates with dimensions of 15 mm × 15 mm × 2 mm were ground with SiC paper up to 2000# and ultrasonically cleaned in alcohol for 5 min. Plasma immersion ion implantation was carried out on the PI-80A plasma immersion ion implanter in City University of Hong Kong’s Plasma Laboratory. The base pressure in the vacuum chamber was 2 × 10−3 Pa and Ti/Ni ion implantation was performed at an accelerating voltage of 35 keV with a fluence of 6 × 1016 ions/cm2. Sample “Ti” was implanted with Ti only, sample “Ni” with Ni only, and sample “TiNi” with Ti and then Ni. To compare results, the properties of the un-implanted base metal AM60 (BM) were determined under the same conditions.
To determine the elemental depth profile and chemical states of the implanted samples, an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, PHI-5000 Versaprobe, Kanagawa, Japan) was completed with Al Kα irradiation at a sputtering rate of approximately 10 nm/min. The sputtering rate was estimated to be approximately 10 nm/min based on the analysis of a standard SiO2 film under the same conditions. The structure was analyzed by X-ray diffraction on the D2 Phaser X-ray diffractometer (XRD) (BRUKER, Karlsruhe, Germany) with Cu Kα radiation. Immersion corrosion tests were carried out to evaluate the corrosion properties in 3.5% NaCl and after immersion for 24 h, the samples were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, ZEISS SIGMA500, Dresden, Germany) and analyzed by XRD.
The wear resistance performance was tested by a ball-on-disc wear tester (CETR UMT-2, CA, USA) at a relative humidity of 35% and temperature of 25 °C using a Si3N4 ball with a radius of 1.5 mm. The sliding distance and rotation rate were 3 mm and 200 r/min, respectively. The wear depths were measured by a profilometer (LK120H, JHJM, Xi’an, China) to evaluate the wear resistance after 30 min.
First-principles calculation was performed based on the density-functional theory and supersoft pseudopotential method. The crystal structure of NiTi2 was constructed to calculate the electronic structure [28]. The CASTEP module in Materials Studio software was implemented to perform generalized gradient approximation (GGA) on the NiTi2 crystal structure and the equation was self-consistently solved by Kohn–Sham. Before the calculation, the unit cell constant of NiTi2 and each atomic lattice were fully relaxed until the unit cell energy converged to a fixed value. The results were not related to spin effects.

3. Results and Discussion

Figure 1 depicts the XPS depth profile of the Ti/Ni ion-implanted AM60 alloy. A Ni-rich layer forms on the surface after Ti/Ni ion implantation and the ion implantation range is approximately 300 nm. The Ni atom concentration decreases with the increase in depth. The Ti atom concentration first increases and then decreases with depth. When the depth is 100 nm, the Ti concentration is 25%. A surface oxide layer with a thickness of 150 nm is present on the surface due to air exposure. The high-resolution XPS spectra of O, Mg, Ti, and Ni acquired after various sputtering times are shown in Figure 2. In Figure 2a, the O peak intensity decreases as the sputtering time increases, and O is observed at the sputtering times of 0 min and 15 min. The Mg intensity increases gradually with sputtering time as shown in Figure 2b. In Figure 2c, the intensity of Ti increases at 15 min and then decreases at 30 min, and the largest concentration of Ti is observed in the middle of the layer. The intensity of Ni decreases with sputtering time as displayed in Figure 2d.
Figure 3 shows the XRD patterns of different samples. There are α-Mg and TiO2 on the surface of sample Ti and some Ni2O3 and NiTi2 on the surface of sample TiNi. Some oxides such as TiO2 and Ni2O3 are produced after ion implantation and exposure to air. Some NiTi2 compounds are produced during dual ion implantation. It can be speculated that there is a reaction between Ti and Ni ions in the process of ion implantation.
The morphology of the samples after immersion in 3.5% NaCl is displayed in Figure 4. There is little corrosion product on the surface of sample Ti as shown in Figure 4b, but samples Ni and TiNi were consumed by corrosion. Large amounts of corrosion products are observed on the surfaces of samples Ni and TiNi in Figure 4c,d. According to the Darken–Gurry principle of alloy design, Ti and Ni are situated all around the Darken–Gurry ellipse with Mg as the center as shown in Figure 5. Based on Pauling theory, the difference in the electronegativity between two elements indicates the strength of chemical affinity [29]. Electronegativity is the scale of the ability of an element’s atom to attract electrons in a compound. The greater the electronegativity of an element, the stronger the ability of its atom to attract electrons in the compound. The electronegativity values of Ni, Mg and Ti are 1.92, 1.31 and 1.54, respectively. The electronegativity difference between Ti and Mg (0.23) is less than that between Ni and Mg (0.61). Hence, Ni and Mg tend to be coupled, giving rise to electrode reactions and electrochemical corrosion. The main reaction is:
Mg + Ni2O3 + 3H2O > Mg(OH)2 + 2Ni(OH)2
According to XRD results acquired from the corrosion products shown in Figure 4d-1, the main products are Mg(OH)2 and 2Ni(OH)2.
Figure 6 shows the wear depths of different samples. The depth of sample BM is 100.03 μm which is larger than those of other samples. The depths of sample Ti and sample Ni are 52.63 μm and 40.56 μm, respectively. In comparison, sample TiNi exhibits the smallest wear depth (20.26 μm) and the best wear resistance. The oxide layer on the surface produces microcracks which expand gradually leading to the oxide film eventually cracking and peeling off to form wear debris. The calculation of the worn volume is shown as follows:
wd = 2πrA/pl
where wd is worn volume (mm3/mN), r is wear radius (mm), A is profile area of wear mark (mm2), p is load (N), l is wear route (m), l = 2πrvt, v is rotation rate (r/min), and t is wear time (min).
The worn volume results of different samples are shown in Table 1. It can be seen that the worn volume of the BM sample is much larger than the ion implantation samples. The sample TiNi has the smallest worn volume.
In order to provide helpful guidance in understanding the wear properties of samples and finding the action of NiTi2 after ion implantation, a first-principles calculation is performed based on the density-functional theory and the supersoft pseudopotential method as aforementioned. NiTi2 has a complex cubic structure. According to Find It, the NiTi2 space group is Fd-3m (parameter code 227) and a = b = c = 11.3193 Å as displayed in Table 2. Accordingly, a unit cell model is established as shown in Figure 7a, and the electron density map is shown in Figure 7b. Figure 7c shows that d electrons cross the Fermi level in the density of states (DOS) of NiTi2. The electron energy contributing to bonding is mainly concentrated in the range between −40 eV and −30 eV, and the main source is the valence electron contribution of Ti(p), Ti(d), Ni(d). As shown in Figure 7, there are metallic bonds in NiTi2 compounds. It has a high hardness and is difficult to deform under the action of contact stress during the wear test. It can be indicated that NiTi2 does not adhere well to the grinding ring due to the bonding property. Formation of NiTi2 in the dual ion-implanted layer prevents the formation and propagation of microcracks on the surface, and consequently, the wear properties of the sample TiNi are significantly improved after Ti/Ni ion implantation [30].

4. Conclusions

A Ni-rich layer forms on the surface after dual Ti/Ni ion implantation, and the ion implantation range is approximately 300 nm. There are α-Mg, Ni2O3 and NiTi2 in the near-surface after Ti/Ni ion implantation. The corrosion resistance of the Ni and Ti/Ni samples decreases in 3.5% NaCl. The wear depth measured from the Ti/Ni sample is 20.26 μm. NiTi2 does not adhere well to the grinding ring due to the bonding property during the wear test. Comparing the three samples, dual Ti/Ni ion implantation into AM60 alloy shows the best wear resistance.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, J.D. and P.K.C.; methodology, J.D. and Z.L.; software, Z.L. and B.Y.; validation, B.Y.; formal analysis, Q.R.; investigation, Z.L.; resources, J.D.; data curation, B.Y. and Q.R.; writing—original draft preparation, Z.L. and B.Y.; writing—review and editing, J.D. and P.K.C.; visualization, J.D.; supervision, J.D. and P.K.C.; project administration, P.K.C.; funding acquisition, J.D. and P.K.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The research was funded by postdoctoral research funding plan in Jiangsu province, grant Number 2018K055C and City University of Hong Kong Strategic Research Grants (SRG), grant number 7005105 and 7005264.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Xin Tong of City University of Hong Kong for providing assistance in the ion implantation experiments.

Conflicts of Interest

There are no conflicts of interest to declare.

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Figure 1. XPS elemental depth profiles acquired from the AM60 alloy after Ti/Ni ion implantation.
Figure 1. XPS elemental depth profiles acquired from the AM60 alloy after Ti/Ni ion implantation.
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Figure 2. High-resolution XPS spectra of the treated AM60 alloy after various sputtering times: (a) O 1s, (b) Mg 1s, (c) Ti 2p, and (d) Ni 2p.
Figure 2. High-resolution XPS spectra of the treated AM60 alloy after various sputtering times: (a) O 1s, (b) Mg 1s, (c) Ti 2p, and (d) Ni 2p.
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Figure 3. XRD patterns of different samples.
Figure 3. XRD patterns of different samples.
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Figure 4. Morphology of the corroded samples: (a) BM, (b) Ti, (c) Ni, (d) TiNi, (i-1) High-magnification SEM pictures, (I = a, b, c, and d).
Figure 4. Morphology of the corroded samples: (a) BM, (b) Ti, (c) Ni, (d) TiNi, (i-1) High-magnification SEM pictures, (I = a, b, c, and d).
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Figure 5. Position of Ti and Ni in the Darken–Gurry ellipse of Mg and electronegativity.
Figure 5. Position of Ti and Ni in the Darken–Gurry ellipse of Mg and electronegativity.
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Figure 6. Wear depths of different samples.
Figure 6. Wear depths of different samples.
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Figure 7. First-principles study of NiTi2: (a) Unit cell model, (b) Electron density map, and (c) State density maps.
Figure 7. First-principles study of NiTi2: (a) Unit cell model, (b) Electron density map, and (c) State density maps.
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Table 1. Worn volume results of different samples.
Table 1. Worn volume results of different samples.
SamplesWidth (mm)Depth (μm)Worn Volume (10−6 mm3·m−1·N−1)
BM0.62100.032583
Ti0.5452.63702
Ni0.4440.56440
TiNi0.3120.26155
Table 2. Lattice parameters of NiTi2.
Table 2. Lattice parameters of NiTi2.
CrystalSpace GroupLattice ParametersElementsAtomic Coordinates
abcXYZ
NiTi222711.319311.319311.3193Ni (I)0.9120.9120.912
Ti (II)0.31100
Ti (II)0.1250.1250.125

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MDPI and ACS Style

Dai, J.; Liu, Z.; Yu, B.; Ruan, Q.; Chu, P.K. Effects of Ti, Ni, and Dual Ti/Ni Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation on the Corrosion and Wear Properties of Magnesium Alloy. Coatings 2020, 10, 313. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10040313

AMA Style

Dai J, Liu Z, Yu B, Ruan Q, Chu PK. Effects of Ti, Ni, and Dual Ti/Ni Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation on the Corrosion and Wear Properties of Magnesium Alloy. Coatings. 2020; 10(4):313. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10040313

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dai, Jun, Zheng Liu, Banglong Yu, Qingdong Ruan, and Paul K. Chu. 2020. "Effects of Ti, Ni, and Dual Ti/Ni Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation on the Corrosion and Wear Properties of Magnesium Alloy" Coatings 10, no. 4: 313. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10040313

APA Style

Dai, J., Liu, Z., Yu, B., Ruan, Q., & Chu, P. K. (2020). Effects of Ti, Ni, and Dual Ti/Ni Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation on the Corrosion and Wear Properties of Magnesium Alloy. Coatings, 10(4), 313. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10040313

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