In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Frankincense Oils from Boswellia sacra Grown in Different Locations of the Dhofar Region (Oman)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Composition of Resin Essential Oils
2.2. Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils
2.3. Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Sample Collection
4.2. Extraction of Essential Oils
4.3. GC/MS Analysis
4.4. Antimicrobial Activity, Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) Determination
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hydrodistillation Extract (Time) | Percentage Yield of Essential Oils (% w/w) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Najdi | Sahli | Houjri | |
Grade 1 (2 h) | 9.32 | 12.0 | 8.92 |
Grade 2 (4 h) | 2.20 | 2.08 | 1.48 |
Grade 3 (6 h) | 0.68 | 0.40 | 0.72 |
Total | 12.20 | 14.48 | 11.12 |
Components of Essential Oils | Grade 1 (2 h) | Grade 2 (4 h) | Grade 3 (6 h) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage Essential Oil Composition% | |||||||||||
Compound | RT (min.) | RI | Najdi | Sahli | Houjri | Najdi | Sahli | Houjri | Najdi | Sahli | Houjri |
n-nonane | 6.05 | 900 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
tricyclene | 6.65 | 918 | 0.10 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.21 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.20 |
α-thujene | 6.82 | 923 | 0.10 | 0.37 | 0.43 | 0.21 | 0.93 | 0.58 | 0.22 | 1.28 | 0.81 |
α-pinene | 7.08 | 930 | 79.59 | 78.69 | 71.09 | 77.21 | 73.31 | 63.11 | 64.45 | 61.82 | 62.57 |
camphene | 7.61 | 946 | 3.23 | 2.66 | 3.00 | 2.95 | 2.06 | 1.62 | 1.58 | 1.79 | 1.48 |
thujadiene | 7.74 | 950 | 0.08 | 010 | 0.24 | 0.20 | 0.37 | 0.08 | 0.21 | 0.43 | 0.21 |
sabinene | 8.41 | 970 | 0.71 | 7.78 | 7.63 | 1.05 | 3.99 | 2.40 | 0.42 | 2.95 | 2.48 |
β-pinene | 8.58 | 975 | 2.39 | 2.25 | 2.17 | 1.62 | 2.31 | 1.53 | 1.58 | 1.96 | 1.43 |
β-mircene | 9.02 | 988 | 0.35 | 0.16 | 0.32 | 0.23 | 0.38 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.28 | 0.14 |
n-decane | 9.45 | 1000 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | ||
δ-3-carene | 9.74 | 1007 | 9.94 | 0.41 | 2.16 | 5.39 | 0.60 | 0.83 | 5.88 | 0.50 | 1.82 |
p-cymene | 10.38 | 1023 | 1.55 | 0.67 | 0.90 | 1.56 | 0.87 | 1.49 | 1.09 | 1.21 | 2.60 |
limonene | 10.56 | 1027 | 1.23 | 2.31 | 0.83 | 1.35 | 2.88 | 1.47 | 1.84 | 3.53 | 2.21 |
eucalyptole | 10.68 | 1030 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.01 | tr. | 0.04 |
cis-sabinene hydrate | 12.37 | 1070 | tr. | tr. | tr. | tr. | tr. | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.10 |
terpinolene | 12.92 | 1084 | 0.07 | tr. | tr. | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.30 | 0.18 | tr. |
p-cymenene | 13.13 | 1089 | tr. | tr. | tr. | tr. | tr. | tr. | tr. | tr. | tr. |
linalool | 13.48 | 1097 | 0.01 | 0.17 | 0.19 | tr. | 0.02 | 0.12 | tr. | 0.02 | 0.12 |
n-undecane | 13.61 | 1100 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | ||
fenchone | 13.93 | 1108 | tr. | 0.13 | 0.17 | tr. | tr. | 0.33 | tr. | tr. | 0.17 |
α-campholenol | 14.71 | 1125 | tr. | 0.21 | 0.35 | tr. | 0.15 | 0.45 | tr. | 0.24 | 0.15 |
trans-pinocarveol | 15.29 | 1139 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.71 | 0.09 | 0.70 | 1.06 | 0.12 | 0.45 | 0.62 |
cis-verbenol | 15.52 | 1144 | tr. | 0.80 | 1.85 | 0.26 | 0.61 | 1.73 | 0.10 | 0.50 | 0.84 |
pinocarvone | 16.25 | 1160 | tr. | tr. | 0.02 | tr. | tr. | tr. | tr. | tr. | 0.04 |
cis-sabinol | 16.69 | 1170 | tr. | tr. | tr. | 0.01 | 0.53 | 0.08 | 0.37 | 1.22 | 0.06 |
4-terpineol | 17.08 | 1180 | tr. | 0.28 | 0.76 | 0.01 | 1.70 | 1.50 | 0.16 | 2.43 | 2.27 |
p-cymen-8-ol | 17.41 | 1187 | tr. | tr. | 0.21 | tr. | 0.24 | 0.88 | 0.01 | 0.24 | 0.53 |
α-terpineol | 17.74 | 1195 | 0.01 | 0.18 | 0.60 | 0.97 | 0.90 | 1.42 | 1.84 | 1.09 | 1.34 |
n-dodecane | 18.07 | 1200 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | ||
verbenone | 18.24 | 1204 | tr. | 0.28 | 0.92 | tr. | 0.53 | 2.06 | 0.15 | 0.69 | 1.35 |
trans-carveol | 18.84 | 1218 | tr. | tr. | tr. | tr. | tr. | 0.23 | 0.01 | tr. | 0.01 |
bornyl acetate | 21.66 | 1281 | 0.31 | 0.49 | 0.93 | 0.72 | 1.01 | 1.49 | 1.87 | 1.50 | 1.11 |
thymol | 22.24 | 1294 | tr. | tr. | 0.48 | tr. | tr. | 0.63 | tr. | tr. | 0.18 |
n-tridecane | 22.51 | 1300 | − | − | − | − | − | − | |||
carvacrol | 22.77 | 1306 | tr. | tr. | 0.11 | tr. | tr. | 0.19 | tr. | tr. | 0.07 |
δ-elemene | 24.39 | 1344 | tr. | tr. | 0.12 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.74 | 0.32 | 0.60 | 0.32 |
α-copamene | 25.580 | 1371 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.37 | 0.11 | 0.22 | 0.50 | 0.21 | 0.25 |
β-bourbonene | 25.90 | 1379 | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.09 | 0.46 | 0.48 | 0.87 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 0.33 |
β-elemene | 26.18 | 1385 | 0.01 | 0.44 | 0.87 | 1.40 | 1.18 | 3.72 | 4.68 | 2.79 | 4.55 |
n-tetradecane | 26.82 | 1400 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | ||
β-caryophyllene | 27.38 | 1414 | 0.07 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.59 | 0.76 | 0.73 | 0.75 | 1.48 | 0.64 |
α-humulene | 28.87 | 1450 | tr. | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.41 | 0.23 | 0.28 | 0.54 | 0.46 | 0.35 |
allo-aromadendrene | 29.04 | 1454 | tr. | tr. | 0.03 | tr. | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.21 | 0.16 | 0.12 |
γ-muurolene | 29.63 | 1470 | tr. | tr. | tr. | 0.01 | tr. | 0.01 | 0.01 | tr. | 0.04 |
β-eudesmene | 30.24 | 1483 | 0.06 | 0.39 | 0.78 | 1.01 | 1.18 | 2.50 | 3.52 | 3.07 | 3.46 |
azulene | 30.53 | 1490 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.30 | 0.83 | 0.55 | 0.90 | 1.87 | 1.35 | 1.19 |
n-pentadecane | 30.94 | 1500 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | ||
γ-cadinene | 31.45 | 1513 | tr. | 0.03 | tr. | 0.62 | 0.50 | 0.05 | 2.71 | 1.39 | 0.17 |
caryophyllene oxide | 33,10 | 1527 | tr. | tr. | 0.19 | tr. | tr. | 1.01 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 1.14 |
n-hexadecane | 34,01 | 1600 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | ||
viridiflorol | 35,15 | 1633 | tr. | tr. | tr. | 0.12 | tr. | 0.38 | 0.40 | 0.10 | 0.46 |
τ-cadinol | 36,77 | 1638 | tr. | tr. | 0.02 | tr. | tr. | tr. | tr. | tr. | 0.12 |
α-eudesmol | 37,19 | 1641 | tr. | tr. | 0.03 | tr. | tr. | 0.80 | tr. | tr. | 0.91 |
Cultivar | Essential Oil | S. aureus ATCC 25923 | S. aureus ATCC 6538 | P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027 | P. aeruginosa ATCC 15442 | S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 | S. hominis ATCC 27844 | P. acnes ATCC 11827 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Najdi | Grade 1 | 25 | 25 | >25 (>210) | >25 (>210) | 6.2 (52) | 25 (210) | >25 (>210) |
Grade 2 | 25 (210) | 6.2 (52) | 6.2 (52) | 6.2 (52) | 50 (420) | >25 (>210) | >25 (>210) | |
Grade 3 | 12.5 (112.5) | 12.5 (112.5) | 12.5 (112.5) | 12.5 (112.5) | 25 (225) | >25 (>225) | >25 (>225) | |
Sahli | Grade 1 | 25 (210) | 12.5 (105) | 25 (210) | 25 (210) | 0.7 (5.88) | 25 (210) | 25 (210) |
Grade 2 | 12.5 (110) | 25 (220) | 50 (440) | 12.5 (110) | 0.3 (2.64) | 0.7 (6.16) | 0.03 (0.264) | |
Grade 3 | 25 (210) | 25 (210) | >25 (>210) | >25 (>210) | 25 (210) | 25 (210) | >25 (>210) | |
Houjri | Grade 1 | 25 (200) | 25 (200) | 25 (>200) | 25 (>200) | 50 (400) | >25 (>200) | >25 (>200) |
Grade 2 | 25 (237.5) | 50 (475) | 25 (237.5) | 25 (237.5) | 1.5 (14.25) | 0.3 (2.85) | 0.07 (0.66) | |
Grade 3 | 25 (200) | 25 (200) | 25 (200) | 25 (200) | 25 (200) | 25 (200) | >25 (>200) |
Essential oil | Candida albicans ATCC 10231 | Malassezia furfur ATCC 14521 |
---|---|---|
Grade 1 Najdi | ≤0.03 (≤ 0.252) | ≤0.03 (≤ 0.252) |
Grade 2 Najdi | ≤0.03 (≤ 0.252) | ≤ 0.03 (≤0.252) |
Grade 3 Najdi | ≤ 0.03 (≤0.270) | ≤0.03 (≤0.270) |
Grade 1 Sahli | ≤ 0.03 (0.252) | ≤0.03 (≤0.252) |
Grade 2 Sahli | 3.10 (27.28) | ≤0.03 (≤ 0.264) |
Grade 3 Sahli | 1.50 (54.56) | 1.50 (54.56) |
Grade 1 Houjri | ≤0.03 (≤0.240) | ≤0.03 (≤0.240) |
Grade 2 Houjri | 1.50 (14.25) | 0.15 (1.425) |
Grade 3 Houjri | 1.50 (12.60) | 0.07 (0.588) |
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Di Stefano, V.; Schillaci, D.; Cusimano, M.G.; Rishan, M.; Rashan, L. In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Frankincense Oils from Boswellia sacra Grown in Different Locations of the Dhofar Region (Oman). Antibiotics 2020, 9, 195. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9040195
Di Stefano V, Schillaci D, Cusimano MG, Rishan M, Rashan L. In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Frankincense Oils from Boswellia sacra Grown in Different Locations of the Dhofar Region (Oman). Antibiotics. 2020; 9(4):195. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9040195
Chicago/Turabian StyleDi Stefano, Vita, Domenico Schillaci, Maria Grazia Cusimano, Mohammed Rishan, and Luay Rashan. 2020. "In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Frankincense Oils from Boswellia sacra Grown in Different Locations of the Dhofar Region (Oman)" Antibiotics 9, no. 4: 195. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9040195