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Antibiotics
Volume 15
Issue 6
10.3390/antibiotics15060541
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Antimicrobial Resistance, Biofilm Formation, and Phylogenetic Distribution of Escherichia coli in Hospitalized Patients with Community-Onset Urinary Tract Infections in Western Mexico

by
Luis Asdrúval Zepeda-Gutiérrez
1,
Sol Ramírez-Ochoa
2,
Mauricio Alfredo Ambriz-Alarcón
2,
Enrique Cervantes-Pérez
2,
Araceli Castillo-Romero
3,
Karel Cesar Licona-Lasteros
4,* and
Rafael Cortés-Zárate
3,*
1
Programa de Maestría en Microbiología Médica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
2
Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44280, Jalisco, Mexico
3
Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Infectocontagiosas, Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Col. Independencia, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
4
Laboratorio de Sistemas Biológicos, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de los Valles, Universidad de Guadalajara, Carretera Guadalajara—Ameca Km. 45.5, Ameca 46600, Jalisco, Mexico
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Antibiotics 2026, 15(6), 541; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15060541
Submission received: 16 April 2026 / Revised: 17 May 2026 / Accepted: 24 May 2026 / Published: 27 May 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacterial Pathogens: Surveillance, Mechanisms, and Diagnostics)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Escherichia coli is the predominant pathogen in community-onset urinary tract infections (UTIs) requiring hospitalization. This study characterized antimicrobial resistance profiles, biofilm formation, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) gene distribution, and phylogenetic background of E. coli isolates from hospitalized UTI patients in Western Mexico. Methods: Seventy isolates (September 2023–September 2024) underwent susceptibility testing (CLSI M100, 35th edition), multiplex PCR for blaTEM, blaCTX-M, and blaSHV genes, crystal violet biofilm quantification, and Clermont quadruplex PCR phylotyping. Associations were evaluated by Fisher’s exact test with Benjamini–Hochberg FDR (BH-FDR) correction. Results: ESBL phenotype and MDR were detected in 57.1% and 58.6% of isolates. After BH-FDR correction, ESBL production was significantly associated with amikacin (OR = 5.55; 95% CI: 1.80–18.74; q = 0.002) and TMP-SMX non-susceptibility (OR = 3.00; 95% CI: 1.02–9.23; q = 0.036); ciprofloxacin non-susceptibility was linked to MDR status (OR = 7.21; 95% CI: 1.28–75.66; q = 0.017) but not ESBL phenotype. Biofilm was detected in 77.1% of isolates. blaTEM predominated among ESBL producers (85.0%). Phylogroup B2 (51.4%) was inversely associated with recurrent UTI on both univariate (OR = 0.17; 95% CI: 0.03–0.73; p = 0.008) and adjusted analysis (adjusted OR = 0.19; 95% CI: 0.05–0.81; p = 0.025). Phylogroup C (22.9%) exhibited the highest MDR prevalence (81.3%) and the highest biofilm formation rate among phylogroups (87.5%). Conclusions: The high prevalence of ESBL-producing and MDR E. coli, combined with an unexpected predominance of blaTEM, reveals a distinctive local resistance landscape diverging from regional trends. The inverse association of phylogroup B2 with recurrence and TMP-SMX resistance reinforces the clinical value of phylogenetic surveillance in guiding UTI management strategies.
Keywords: Escherichia coli; urinary tract infection; antimicrobial resistance; ESBL; multidrug resistance; biofilm formation; phylogenetic groups Escherichia coli; urinary tract infection; antimicrobial resistance; ESBL; multidrug resistance; biofilm formation; phylogenetic groups

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Zepeda-Gutiérrez, L.A.; Ramírez-Ochoa, S.; Ambriz-Alarcón, M.A.; Cervantes-Pérez, E.; Castillo-Romero, A.; Licona-Lasteros, K.C.; Cortés-Zárate, R. Antimicrobial Resistance, Biofilm Formation, and Phylogenetic Distribution of Escherichia coli in Hospitalized Patients with Community-Onset Urinary Tract Infections in Western Mexico. Antibiotics 2026, 15, 541. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15060541

AMA Style

Zepeda-Gutiérrez LA, Ramírez-Ochoa S, Ambriz-Alarcón MA, Cervantes-Pérez E, Castillo-Romero A, Licona-Lasteros KC, Cortés-Zárate R. Antimicrobial Resistance, Biofilm Formation, and Phylogenetic Distribution of Escherichia coli in Hospitalized Patients with Community-Onset Urinary Tract Infections in Western Mexico. Antibiotics. 2026; 15(6):541. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15060541

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zepeda-Gutiérrez, Luis Asdrúval, Sol Ramírez-Ochoa, Mauricio Alfredo Ambriz-Alarcón, Enrique Cervantes-Pérez, Araceli Castillo-Romero, Karel Cesar Licona-Lasteros, and Rafael Cortés-Zárate. 2026. "Antimicrobial Resistance, Biofilm Formation, and Phylogenetic Distribution of Escherichia coli in Hospitalized Patients with Community-Onset Urinary Tract Infections in Western Mexico" Antibiotics 15, no. 6: 541. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15060541

APA Style

Zepeda-Gutiérrez, L. A., Ramírez-Ochoa, S., Ambriz-Alarcón, M. A., Cervantes-Pérez, E., Castillo-Romero, A., Licona-Lasteros, K. C., & Cortés-Zárate, R. (2026). Antimicrobial Resistance, Biofilm Formation, and Phylogenetic Distribution of Escherichia coli in Hospitalized Patients with Community-Onset Urinary Tract Infections in Western Mexico. Antibiotics, 15(6), 541. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15060541

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