Hand Hygiene and Antimicrobial Resistance in the COVID-19 Era: An Observational Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Design and Data Collection
4.2. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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2017–2019 | 2020 | p-Value (17–19 vs. 2020) * | 2021 | p-Value (17–19 vs. 2021) * | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AHC (liters/1000 pd), median (IQR) | |||||
Medical department | 11.9 (8.3–14.3) | 32.7 (27.3–35.2) | <0.001 | 19.1 (13.6–29.4) | <0.001 |
Surgical Department | 10.6 (9.1–15) | 21.4 (16.9–23.4) | 0.014 | 19.8 (13.8–26) | <0.001 |
Intensive care units | 41.1 (33.5–52.2) | 90.7 (71.5–130.9) | 0.003 | 62.6 (45.3–79) | 0.001 |
Overall (hospital level) | 12.9 (9–19.3) | 29.2 (25.7–36.5) | <0.001 | 24.4 (16.4–34) | <0.001 |
Antimicrobial resistance rates, median (IQR) | |||||
MRSA (overall) | 38 (32.2–48.3) | 38.6 (28.4–50) | 0.973 | 30.4 (21.8–34.6) | 0.013 |
CRE (overall) | 14 (6.5–29.2) | 19.8 (13.8–27.7) | 0.430 | 11.1 (9.4–27.2) | 0.974 |
Hospital Level AHC vs. MRSA Rate | Hospital Level AHC vs. CRE Rate | |
---|---|---|
2017 Spearman’s ρ, (N) | −0.10 * (N = 22) | −0.067 (N = 24) |
p-value | 0.964 | 0.756 |
R²-value | 0.037 | 0.025 |
2018 Spearman’s ρ, (N) | −0.193 * (N = 22) | 0.094 * (N = 23) |
p-value | 0.389 | 0.671 |
R²-value | 0.094 | 0.003 |
2019 Spearman’s ρ, (N) | 0.089 ** (N = 20) | 0.177 (N = 23) |
p-value | 0.709 | 0.432 |
R²-value | 0.008 | 0.031 |
2020 Spearman’s ρ, (N) | −0.340 * (N = 22) | −0.215 (N = 20) |
p-value | 0.121 | 0.362 |
R²-value | 0.116 | 0.046 |
2021 Spearman’s ρ, (N) | −0.287 (N = 11) | −0.646 (N = 11) |
p-value | 0.392 | 0.032 |
R²-value | 0.083 | 0.418 |
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Russotto, A.; Rolfini, E.; Paladini, G.; Gastaldo, C.; Vicentini, C.; Zotti, C.M. Hand Hygiene and Antimicrobial Resistance in the COVID-19 Era: An Observational Study. Antibiotics 2023, 12, 583. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12030583
Russotto A, Rolfini E, Paladini G, Gastaldo C, Vicentini C, Zotti CM. Hand Hygiene and Antimicrobial Resistance in the COVID-19 Era: An Observational Study. Antibiotics. 2023; 12(3):583. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12030583
Chicago/Turabian StyleRussotto, Antonino, Edoardo Rolfini, Giovanni Paladini, Claudia Gastaldo, Costanza Vicentini, and Carla Maria Zotti. 2023. "Hand Hygiene and Antimicrobial Resistance in the COVID-19 Era: An Observational Study" Antibiotics 12, no. 3: 583. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12030583