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Antibiotics
Volume 12
Issue 2
10.3390/antibiotics12020387
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Article

Prevalence and Characterization of Beta-Lactam and Carbapenem-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Organic Fresh Produce Retailed in Eastern Spain

by
Ana Isabel Jiménez-Belenguer
1,
Maria Antonia Ferrús
1,*,
Manuel Hernández
1,
Jorge García-Hernández
1,
Yolanda Moreno
2 and
María Ángeles Castillo
1
1
Centro Avanzado de Microbiología de Alimentos, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/Camí de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain
2
Instituto de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/Camí de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Antibiotics 2023, 12(2), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020387
Submission received: 29 December 2022 / Revised: 2 February 2023 / Accepted: 7 February 2023 / Published: 14 February 2023
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Abstract

Fresh fruits and vegetables are potential reservoirs for antimicrobial resistance determinants, but few studies have focused specifically on organic vegetables. The present study aimed to determine the presence of third-generation cephalosporin (3GC)- and carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria on fresh organic vegetables produced in the city of Valencia (Spain). Main expanded spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)- and carbapenemase-encoding genes were also detected in the isolates. One hundred and fifteen samples were analyzed using selective media supplemented with cefotaxime and meropenem. Resistance assays for twelve relevant antibiotics in medical use were performed using a disc diffusion test. A total of 161 isolates were tested. Overall, 33.5% presented multidrug resistance and 16.8% were resistant to all β-lactam antibiotics tested. Imipenem resistance was observed in 18% of isolates, and low resistance levels were found to ceftazidime and meropenem. Opportunistic pathogens such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterobacter spp., Raoultella sp., and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia were detected, all presenting high rates of resistance. PCR assays revealed blaVIM to be the most frequently isolated ESBL-encoding gene, followed by blaTEM and blaOXA-48. These results confirm the potential of fresh vegetables to act as reservoirs for 3GC- and carbapenem-producing ARB. Further studies must be carried out to determine the impact of raw organic food on the spread of AMRs into the community.
Keywords: organic vegetables; resistances; β-lactams; third-generation cephalosporins; carbapenemases; ESBL organic vegetables; resistances; β-lactams; third-generation cephalosporins; carbapenemases; ESBL

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MDPI and ACS Style

Jiménez-Belenguer, A.I.; Ferrús, M.A.; Hernández, M.; García-Hernández, J.; Moreno, Y.; Castillo, M.Á. Prevalence and Characterization of Beta-Lactam and Carbapenem-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Organic Fresh Produce Retailed in Eastern Spain. Antibiotics 2023, 12, 387. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020387

AMA Style

Jiménez-Belenguer AI, Ferrús MA, Hernández M, García-Hernández J, Moreno Y, Castillo MÁ. Prevalence and Characterization of Beta-Lactam and Carbapenem-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Organic Fresh Produce Retailed in Eastern Spain. Antibiotics. 2023; 12(2):387. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020387

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiménez-Belenguer, Ana Isabel, Maria Antonia Ferrús, Manuel Hernández, Jorge García-Hernández, Yolanda Moreno, and María Ángeles Castillo. 2023. "Prevalence and Characterization of Beta-Lactam and Carbapenem-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Organic Fresh Produce Retailed in Eastern Spain" Antibiotics 12, no. 2: 387. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020387

APA Style

Jiménez-Belenguer, A. I., Ferrús, M. A., Hernández, M., García-Hernández, J., Moreno, Y., & Castillo, M. Á. (2023). Prevalence and Characterization of Beta-Lactam and Carbapenem-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Organic Fresh Produce Retailed in Eastern Spain. Antibiotics, 12(2), 387. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020387

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