Bats Are Carriers of Antimicrobial-Resistant Staphylococcaceae in Their Skin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Number of Bats Captured and Sampled
2.2. Staphylococcaceae Richness
2.3. Diversity Analysis
2.4. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile
3. Discussion
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Bat Capture and Sample Collection
4.2. Microbiologic Tests and Antimicrobial Susceptibility
4.3. DNA Extraction
4.4. Spa Typing
4.5. Amplification of Resistance Genes
4.6. Data Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bat Species | Staphylococcus spp. | % (N/BSC) | Total Isolates % (N/BSC) |
---|---|---|---|
Desmodus rotundus | M. sciuri | 100 (01/01) | 100 (01/01) |
Pygoderma bilabiatum | M. sciuri | 100 (01/01) | 100 (01/01) |
Carollia perspicillata | M. sciuri | 75.0 (03/04) | 75.0 (03/04) |
Platyrrhinus recifinus | S. aureus | 50.0 (01/02) | 50.0 (01/02) |
Platyrrhinus lineatus | S. nepalensis | 25.0 (01/04) | 50.0 (02/04) |
S. haemolyticus | 25.0 (01/04) | ||
Sturnira lilium | M. sciuri | 39.3 (22/56) | 46.4 (26/56) |
S. aureus | 3.6 (02/56) | ||
S. warneri | 1.8 (01/56) | ||
S. xylosus | 1.8 (01/56) | ||
Artibeus lituratus | M. sciuri | 23.7 (09/38) | 39.5 (15/38) |
S. aureus | 5.3 (02/38) | ||
S. saprophyticus | 5.3 (02/38) | ||
S. warneri | 2.6 (01/38) | ||
S. kloosii | 2.6 (01/38) | ||
Artibeus fimbriatus | M. sciuri | 28.6 (08/28) | 39.3 (11/28) |
S. aureus | 3.6 (01/28) | ||
S. saprophyticus | 3.6 (01/28) | ||
S. kloosii | 3.6 (01/28) | ||
Glossophaga soricina | S. epidermidis | 9.1 (01/11) | 27.3 (03/11) |
S. xylosus | 9.1 (01/11) | ||
S. aureus | 9.1 (01/11) |
Zone | Bat Species | Total Resistant Isolates % (N/T) * | Cefoxitin | Ciprofloxacin | Penicillin | Erythromycin | mecA | blaz |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forested | Pygoderma bilabiatum | 100 (1/1) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Carollia perspicillata | 100 (2/2) | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Sturnira lilium | 83.3 (5/6) | 2 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | |
Artibeus lituratus | 75.0 (6/8) | 1 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | |
Total Area 1 | 77.8 (14/18) | 4 | 1 | 10 | 4 | 1 | 1 | |
Rural | Platyrrhinus lineatus | 100 (1/1) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Platyrrhinus recifinus | 100 (1/1) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
Sturnira lilium | 66.7 (12/18) | 1 | 0 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 2 | |
Artibeus fimbriatus | 44.4 (4/9) | 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
Artibeus lituratus | 50.0 (2/4) | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Total Area 2 | 57.1 (20/35) | 4 | 0 | 17 | 4 | 4 | 5 | |
Residential-A | Platyrrhinus lineatus | 100 (1/1) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Glossophaga soricina | 100 (1/1) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Total Area 3 | 66.7 (2/3) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Slum | Artibeus lituratus | 100 (1/1) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Glossophaga soricina | 100 (1/1) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
Sturnira lilium | 50.0 (1/2) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Total Area 4 | 75.0 (3/4) | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
Residential-B | Artibeus lituratus | 100 (1/1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Total Area 5 | 100 (1/1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Industrial | Glossophaga soricina | 100 (1/1) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Artibeus lituratus | 100 (1/1) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
Total Area 6 | 100 (2/2) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Zone | Species (N) | CFO-Resistant/MRS | mecA | PEN-Resistant | blaZ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forested | S. aureus (3) | 0 | - | 100.0 (3/3) | 100.0 (3/3) |
S. haemolyticus (1) | 100.0 (1/1) | 100.0 (1/1) | 100.0 (1/1) | 100.0 (1/1) | |
S. saprophyticus (1) | 0 | - | 100.0 (1/1) | 0 | |
M. sciuri (28) | 10.7 (3/28) | 0 | 7.1 (2/28) | 0 | |
S. warneri (2) | 0 | - | 0 | - | |
TOTAL (35) | 11.4 (4/35) | 2.9 (1/35) | 20.0 (7/35) | 11.4 (4/35) | |
Rural | S. aureus (1) | 0 | - | 100.0 (1/1) | 100.0 (1/1) |
S. kloosii (1) | 0 | - | 100.0 (1/1) | 0 | |
S. saprophyticus (2) | 0 | - | 0 | - | |
M. sciuri (14) | 28.6 (4/14) | 0 | 64.3 (9/14) | 0 | |
TOTAL (18) | 22.2 (4/18) | 0 | 61.1 (11/18) | 5.6 (1/18) | |
Residential-A | S. kloosii (1) | 0 | - | 0 | - |
S. nepalensis (1) | 0 | - | 0 | - | |
S. xylosus (1) | 0 | - | 100.0 (1/1) | 0 | |
TOTAL (3) | 0 | - | 33.3 (1/3) | 0 | |
Slum | S. epidermidis (1) | 0 | - | 100.0 (1/1) | 100.0 (1/1) |
M. sciuri (2) | 0 | - | 50.0 (1/2) | 0 | |
S. xylosus (1) | 0 | - | 100.0 (1/1) | 0 | |
TOTAL (4) | 0 | - | 75.0 (3/4) | 25.0 (1/4) | |
Residential-B | S. aureus (1) | 0 | - | 100.0 (1/1) | 100.0 (1/1) |
Industrial | S. aureus (2) | 0 | - | 100.0 (2/2) | 100(2/2) |
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Carrillo Gaeta, N.; Cavalcante Brito, J.E.; Nunes Batista, J.M.; Gagete Veríssimo de Mello, B.; Dias, R.A.; Heinemann, M.B. Bats Are Carriers of Antimicrobial-Resistant Staphylococcaceae in Their Skin. Antibiotics 2023, 12, 331. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020331
Carrillo Gaeta N, Cavalcante Brito JE, Nunes Batista JM, Gagete Veríssimo de Mello B, Dias RA, Heinemann MB. Bats Are Carriers of Antimicrobial-Resistant Staphylococcaceae in Their Skin. Antibiotics. 2023; 12(2):331. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020331
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarrillo Gaeta, Natália, João Eduardo Cavalcante Brito, Juliana Maria Nunes Batista, Beatriz Gagete Veríssimo de Mello, Ricardo Augusto Dias, and Marcos B. Heinemann. 2023. "Bats Are Carriers of Antimicrobial-Resistant Staphylococcaceae in Their Skin" Antibiotics 12, no. 2: 331. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020331