Profiling the Immune Response to Periprosthetic Joint Infection and Non-Infectious Arthroplasty Failure
Abstract
:1. Total Joint Arthroplasty Failure
1.1. Periprosthetic Joint Infection
1.2. Non-Infectious Arthroplasty Failure
2. Current Arthroplasty Failure Diagnostic Techniques
2.1. Microbial-Based Diagnostic Techniques
2.2. Host-Based Diagnostic Techniques
2.3. Importance of Fast and Accurate Arthroplasty Failure Diagnosis
3. Detailed Immune Response Profiling for Arthroplasty Failure Diagnosis
3.1. Transcriptomic Immune Profiling
3.2. Proteomic Immune Profiling
3.3. Cellular Immune Profiling
3.4. Limitations of Immune Profiling for Arthroplasty Failure Diagnosis
4. The Future of PJI and NIAF Diagnostics
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biomarker | Knee/Hip/Other | Time Since Arthroplasty | Cut-Point | Sensitivity (%) a | Specificity (%) a | Citation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total nucleated cell count—cutoff values in cells/µL | ||||||
Mason et al., 2003 | 440/-/- | NR | 2500 50,000 | 69 19 | 98 100 | [84] |
Trampuz et al., 2004 | 133/-/- | >6 months | 1700 | 94 (80–99) | 88 (80–93) | [85] |
Zmistowski et al., 2012 | 153/-/- | NR | 3000 | 94 | 93 | [86] |
Dinneen et al., 2013 | 48/27/- | NR | 1590 | 90 (78–100) | 91 (83–100) | [87] |
Wyles et al., 2013 | -/39/- | NR | 3000 | 100 (40–100) | 57 (85–100) | [88] |
Gallo et al., 2017 | 203/188/- | >7 months | 3450 | 95 | 95 | [89] |
Higuera et al., 2017 | -/453/- | ≥3 months | 3966 | 90 | 91 | [90] |
Kim et al., 2017 | 197/-/- | >7 days | 11,200 16,000 | 100 (73–100) 75 (43–95) | 99 (96–100) 100 (98–100) | [91] |
Lee et al., 2017 | 33 studies | Pooled | Pooled | 89 (86–91) | 86 (80–90) | [92] |
Shahi et al., 2017 | 836 total | NR | 10,000 | 86 | 83 | [93] |
Sousa et al., 2017 | 40/15/- | >1 month | 1463 2064 | 100 91 | 7275 | [94] |
Balato et al., 2018 | 250/-/- | >90 days | 3000 | 81 (74–86) | 91 (86–95) | [95] |
De Vecchi et al., 2018 | 45/21/- | NR | 1600 3000 | 100 (87–100) 94 (78–99) | 82 (65–93) 91 (75–98) | [96] |
Kuo et al., 2018 | 131/83/- | NR | 835 | 84 (65–96) | 78 (72–84) | [97] |
Tahta et al., 2018 | 38/-/- | >3 months | 2347 | 86 (70–100) | 76 (63–98) | [98] |
Carli et al., 2019 | 26 studies | Pooled | Pooled | 93 | 90 | [99] |
Dijkman et al., 2020 | 80/-/- | NR | 2575 | 92 | 84 | [100] |
Mihalič et al., 2020 | 25/24/- | NR | 1700 | 82 (55–100) | 97 (92–100) | [101] |
Sharma et al., 2020 | 93/14/- | NR | 1100 | 89 | 98 | [102] |
Ivy et al., 2021 | 74/25/- | NR | 1700 | 83 (59–96) | 81 (70–89) | [103] |
Levent et al., 2021 | 143/116/- | NR | 3000 | 88 | 88 | [104] |
van den Kieboom et al., 2021 | 43/101/- | NR | 3000 4552 | 87 (66–97) 86 | 78 (66–87) 85 | [105] |
Baker et al., 2022 | 358/36/- | >90 days | 3000 | 92 | 99 | [106] |
Huang et al., 2022 | 39/39/- | NR | 3005 | 90 (78–97) | 100 (88–100) | [107] |
Lazic et al., 2022 | 4/10/- | NR | 4550 | 40 (12–74) | 100 (79–100) | [108] |
Dilley et al., 2023 | 485/245/- | >6 weeks | 5600 | 72 | 86 | [109] |
Polymorphonuclear (PMN) percentage—cutoff values in % of total white blood cell count | ||||||
Mason et al., 2003 | 440/-/- | NR | 6080 | 7657 | 89100 | [84] |
Trampuz et al., 2004 | 133/-/- | >6 months | 65 | 97 (85–100) | 98 (93–100) | [85] |
Zmistowski et al., 2012 | 153/-/- | NR | 75 | 83 | 88 | [86] |
Dinneen et al., 2013 | 48/27/- | NR | 65 | 90 (80–100) | 87 (76–97) | [87] |
Wyles et al., 2013 | -/39/- | NR | 80 | 100 (40–100) | 97 (81–100) | [88] |
Gallo et al., 2017 | 203/188/- | >7 months | 75 | 93 | 91 | [89] |
Higuera et al., 2017 | -/453/- | ≥3 months | 80 | 92 | 86 | [90] |
Lee et al., 2017 | 33 studies | Pooled | Pooled | 89 (82–93) | 86 (77–92) | [92] |
Sousa et al., 2017 | 40/15/- | >1 month | 7881 | 8778 | 7275 | [94] |
Balato et al., 2018 | 250/-/- | >90 days | 80 | 84 (77–89) | 95 (90–98) | [95] |
Mihalič et al., 2020 | 25/24/- | NR | 65 | 82 (55–100) | 97 (92–100) | [101] |
Qin et al., 2020 | 24/26/- | NR | 70 | 92 (74–99) | 80 (59–93) | [110] |
Qin et al., 2020 | 45/48/- | >6 weeks | 70 | 89 (75–97) | 84 (72–92) | [111] |
Sharma et al., 2020 | 93/14/- | NR | 72 | 92 | 91 | [102] |
Ivy et al., 2021 | 74/25/- | NR | 65 | 90 (65–99) | 87 (78–94) | [103] |
van den Kieboom et al., 2021 | 43/101/- | NR | 80 | 79 | 63 | [105] |
Wang et al., 2021 | 45/48/- | >6 weeks | 70 | 95 (82–99) | 93 (83–98) | [112] |
Qin et al., 2022 | 30/40/- | >2.5 years | 70 | 89 | 80 | [113] |
Dilley et al., 2023 | 485/245/- | >6 weeks | 82 | 81 | 78 | [109] |
Assay | Knee/Hip/Other | Cut-Point | Sensitivity (%) a | Specificity (%) a | Citation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lateral flow | |||||
Bingham et al., 2014 | 61/-/- | NA | 100 (79–100) | 95 (83–99) | [130] |
Kasparek et al., 2016 | 29/11/- | NA | 67 (35–89) | 93 (75–99) | [131] |
Sigmund et al., 2017 | 17/30/- | NA | 69 (46–92) | 94 (86–100) | [132] |
Okroj et al., 2018 | -/26/- | NA | 100 | 68 | [133] |
Berger et al., 2017 | 85/36/- | NA | 97 (85–100) | 97 (90–99) | [134] |
Suda et al., 2017 | 19/11/- | NA | 77 | 82 | [135] |
Balato et al., 2018 | 51/-/- | NA | 88 (75–95) | 97 (87–100) | [136] |
de Saint Vincent et al., 2018 | 23/13/3 | NA | 89 | 91 | [137] |
Gehrke et al., 2018 | 99/96/- | NA | 92 (84–97) | 100 (97–100) | [126] |
Renz et al., 2018 | 151/61/- | NA | 84 (71–94) | 96 (92–99) | [120] |
Riccio et al., 2018 | 49/22/2 | NA | 85 (70–94) | 97 (84–100) | [138] |
Sigmund et al., 2018 | 54/17/- | NA | 77 (49–92) | 98 (90–100) | [121] |
Stone et al., 2018 | 121/62/- | NA | 81 (65–92) | 96 (91–99) | [139] |
Tahta et al., 2018 | 38/-/- | NA | 92 (80–100) | 98 (90–100) | [98] |
Plate et al., 2018 | 60/49/- | NA | 90 (68–99) | 92 (85–97) | [140] |
Carli et al., 2019 | 9 studies | NA | 96 | 82 | [99] |
Sigmund et al., 2019 | 48/53/- | NA | 69 (51–83) | 94 (85–98) | [141] |
Sharma et al., 2020 | 93/14/- | NA | 88 | 95 | [102] |
Abdo et al., 2021 | 53/-/- | NA | 86 (65–97) | 100 (89–100) | [142] |
de Saint Vincent et al., 2021 | 59/39/8 | NA | 96 | 91 | [143] |
Deirmengian et al., 2021 | 203/102/- | NA | 94 (84–99) | 95 (91–97) | [115] |
Ivy et al., 2021 | 74/25/- | NA | 83 (59–96) | 94 (86–98) | [103] |
Yu et al., 2021 | 82/48/- | NA | 83 | 86 | [144] |
Zeng et al., 2021 | 1443 total (pooled) | NA | 83 (77–88) | 95 (93–97) | [145] |
Baker et al., 2022 | 358/36/- | NA | 99 | 87 | [106] |
Kuiper et al., 2022 | -/57/- | NA | 83 (36–100) | 92 (81–98) | [146] |
Enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA)—cutoff values in mg/L | |||||
Deirmengian et al., 2014 | 84/11/- | 4.8 | 100 (88–100) | 100 (95–100) | [147] |
Deirmengian et al., 2014 | 116/33/- | 5.2 | 97 (86–100) | 96 (90–99) | [148] |
Deirmengian et al., 2015 | 43/3/- | 1.6 | 100 (85–100) | 100 (85–100) | [149] |
Frangiamore et al., 2016 | 78 total(1st stage) 38 total (2nd stage) | 5.2 5.2 | 100 (86–100) 67 (12–95) | 98 (90–100) 97 (83–99) | [150] |
Bonanzinga et al., 2017 | 65/91/- | 5.2 | 97 (92–99) | 97 (92–99) | [151] |
De Vecchi et al., 2018 | 45/21/- | 5.2 | 84 (67–94) | 94 (79–99) | [96] |
Sigmund et al., 2018 | 54/17/- | 5.2 | 85 (56–97) | 98 (90–100) | [121] |
Carli et al., 2019 | 9 studies | Pooled | 97 | 87 | [99] |
Kleiss et al., 2019 | 112/90/- | 5.2 | 78 (67–89) | 97 (93–99) | [152] |
Abdo et al., 2021 | 53/-/- | 5.2 | 96 (77–100) | 100 (89–100) | [142] |
Deirmengian et al., 2021 | 203/102/- | 5.2 | 89 (76–96) | 98 (94–99) | [115] |
Ivy et al., 2021 | 74/25/- | 5.2 | 83 (59–96) | 96 (90–99) | [103] |
Levent et al., 2021 | 143/116/- | 5.2 | 92 | 92 | [104] |
Li et al., 2021 | 17/33 | 35.5 | 96 | 100 | [153] |
Mass spectrometry | |||||
Iorio et al., 2021 | 88/50/- | 5.2 mg/L | 93 (85–98) | 96 (89–99) | [154] |
Balato et al., 2022 | 125/-/- | 1 µg/L | 100 (96–100) | 97 (90–98) | [124] |
Biomarker | Knee/Hip/Other | Cut-Point | Sensitivity (%) a | Specificity (%) a | Citation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C-reactive protein (CRP)—cutoff values in mg/L | |||||
Parvizi et al., 2012 | 43/12/- | 9.5 | 83 | 95 | [158] |
Parvizi et al., 2012 | 66/-/- | 3.7 | 84 | 97 | [159] |
Wyles et al., 2013 | -/39/- | 8 | 75 (19–99) | 68 (50–83) | [88] |
Deirmengian et al., 2014 | 84/11/- | 12.2 | 90 (73–98) | 97 (90–100) | [147] |
Deirmengian et al., 2014 | 116/33/- | 3 | 98 (86–100) | 79 (70–86) | [148] |
De Vecchi et al., 2016 | 84/45/- | 10 | 82 (61–93) | 94 (87–98) | [160] |
Kim et al., 2017 | 197/-/- | 34.9 74.5 | 100 (74–100) 58 (28–85) | 91 (83–95) 100 (97–100) | [91] |
Lee et al., 2017 | 33 studies | Pooled | 85 (78–90) | 88 (78–94) | [92] |
Sousa et al., 2017 | 40/15/- | 1.6 6.7 8.0 | 91 78 74 | 88 94 97 | [94] |
De Vecchi et al., 2018 | 45/21/- | 1.0 | 88 (70–96) | 97 (83–100) | [96] |
Gallo et al., 2018 | 116/124/- | 8.8 | 92 (73–99) | 100 (95–100) | [161] |
Tahta et al., 2018 | 38/-/- | 11.7 | 76 (62–97) | 90 (80–100) | [98] |
Carli et al., 2019 | 9 studies | Pooled | 93 | 89 | [99] |
Plate et al., 2019 | 91/80/21 | 2.9 | 88 | 82 | [162] |
Sharma et al., 2020 | 93/14/- | 5.6 | 80 | 92 | [102] |
Baker et al., 2022 | 358/36/- | 6.9 | 74 | 98 | [106] |
Grzelecki et al., 2021 | 50/35/- | 6.9 | 64 | 95 | [163] |
Li et al., 2021 | 17/33/- | 9.0 | 76 | 96 | [153] |
Wang et al., 2021 | 36/61/- | 7.3 | 85 (70–94) | 93 (83–98) | [164] |
Praz et al., 2021 | 91/102/- | 2.74.4 | 85 (71–93) 83 (71–94.3) | 77 (68–84) 88 (82–94) | [165] |
Qin et al., 2022 | 30/40/- | 11.6 | 89 | 49 | [113] |
Calprotectin—cutoff values in mg/L | |||||
Wouthuyzen-Bakker et al., 2017 | 10/45/6 | 50 (LF) | 89 (69–98) | 90 (78–96) | [166] |
Wouthuyzen-Bakker et al., 2018 | 12/21/1 | 50 (LF) | 87 (60–98) | 92 (78–98) | [167] |
Salari et al., 2020 | 76/-/- | 50 ELISA | 100 (100–100) | 95 (89–100) | [168] |
Trotter et al., 2020 | 17/42/- | 14 (LF) | 75 (53–90) | 76 (60–87) | [169] |
Grzelecki et al., 2021 | 50/35/- | 1.5 | 96 | 95 | [163] |
Warren et al., 2021, 2022 | 123/-/- | 14 (LF) 14 (ELISA) 50 (LF) 50 (ELISA) | 98 98 98 98 | 87 83 96 96 | [170,171] |
Cheok et al., 2022 | 5 studies | Pooled | 94 (82–98) | 93 (85–97) | [172] |
Grassi et al., 2022 | 93/-/- | 50 (LF) 50 (ELISA) | 97 (87–100) 92 (79–98) | 94 (84–99) 100 (93–100) | [173] |
Hantouly et al., 2022 | 8 studies | Pooled | 92 (84–98) | 93 (84–99) | [174] |
Lazic et al., 2022 | 4/10/- | 50 (LF) | 67 (40–93) | 79 (57–100) | [108] |
Xing et al., 2022 | 7 studies | Pooled | 94 (87–98) | 93 (87–96) | [175] |
Interleukin-6 (Il-6)—cutoff values in ng/mL | |||||
Deirmengian et al., 2014 | 84/11/- | 2.3 | 89 (71–98) | 97 (89–100) | [147] |
Lee et al., 2017 | 33 studies | Pooled | 81 (70–89) | 94 (88–97) | [92] |
Xie et al., 2017 | 8 studies | Pooled | 91 (82–96) | 90 (84–95) | [176] |
Gallo et al., 2018 | 116/124/- | 21.0 | 68 (47–85) | 95 (87–99) | [161] |
Carli et al., 2019 | 5 studies | Pooled | 97 | 84 | [99] |
Mihalič et al., 2020 | 25/24/- | 2.3 | 73 (45–100) | 95 (87–100) | [101] |
Qin et al., 2020 | 45/48/- | 1.86 | 95 (82–99) | 93 (83–98) | [111] |
Sharma et al., 2020 | 93/14/- | 0.417 | 74 | 88 | [102] |
Cheok et al., 2022 | 6 studies | Pooled | 86 (74–92) | 94 (90–96) | [172] |
Li et al., 2022 | 30 studies | Pooled | 87 (75–93) | 90 (85–93) | [177] |
Qin et al., 2022 | 63/39/- | 1.3 | 90 (74–97) | 89 (73–96) | [178] |
Qin et al., 2022 | 30/40/- | 2.0 | 91 | 97 | [113] |
Su et al., 2022 | 78/102/- | 1.2 | 91 (79–97) | 52 (38–66) | [179] |
Leukocyte esterase (LE) | |||||
Deirmengian et al., 2015 | 43/3/- | + | 69 (41–89) | 100 (84–100) | [149] |
De Vecchi et al., 2016 | 84/45/- | + | 93 (74–99) | 97 (91–99) | [160] |
Lee et al., 2017 | 33 studies | Pooled | 77 | 95 | [92] |
Shahi et al., 2017 | 659 total | + | 75 | 91 | [180] |
De Vecchi et al., 2018 | 45/21/- | + + + | 94 (79–99) 56 (38–56) | 97 (83–100) 100 (87–100) | [96] |
Wang et al., 2018 | 11 studies | Pooled | 90 (76–96) | 97 (95–98) | [181] |
Carli et al., 2019 | 9 studies 10 studies | + + + | 97 84 | 9396 | [99] |
Dijkman et al., 2020 | 89/-/- | + + | 39 | 88 | [100] |
Sharma et al., 2020 | 93/14/- | + + | 81 90 | 9584 | [102] |
Chisari et al., 2021 | 226/33/- | + + + | 74 51 | 91100 | [182] |
Grzelecki et al., 2021 | 50/35/- | + + | 82 | 98 | [163] |
Levent et al., 2021 | 143/116/- | + + | 78 | 91 | [104] |
Yu et al., 2021 | 82/48/- | + + | 80 | 95 | [144] |
Grassi et al., 2022 | 93/-/- | + | 46 (30 -63) | 94 (84–99) | [173] |
Logoluso et al., 2022 | 21/58/- | + | 82 | 99 | [183] |
Lipocalin | |||||
Vergara et al., 2018 | 54/18/- | 152 ng/mL | 86 | 77 | [184] |
Dijkman et al., 2020 | 89/-/- | 740 ng/mL | 92 | 83 | [100] |
Li et al., 2021 | 17/33/- | 763 ng/mL | 100 | 100 | [153] |
Huang et al., 2022 | 39/39/- | 263 ng/mL | 93 (77–99) | 98 (89–100) | [107] |
Svoboda et al., 2022 | 56/33/- | 998 µg/mL | 100 | 100 | [185] |
Patient-Related | Sample-Related | Treatment-Related | Failure-Related |
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Fisher, C.R.; Patel, R. Profiling the Immune Response to Periprosthetic Joint Infection and Non-Infectious Arthroplasty Failure. Antibiotics 2023, 12, 296. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020296
Fisher CR, Patel R. Profiling the Immune Response to Periprosthetic Joint Infection and Non-Infectious Arthroplasty Failure. Antibiotics. 2023; 12(2):296. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020296
Chicago/Turabian StyleFisher, Cody R., and Robin Patel. 2023. "Profiling the Immune Response to Periprosthetic Joint Infection and Non-Infectious Arthroplasty Failure" Antibiotics 12, no. 2: 296. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020296