Terminalia petiolaris A.Cunn ex Benth. Extracts Have Antibacterial Activity and Potentiate Conventional Antibiotics against β-Lactam-Drug-Resistant Bacteria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Antibacterial Susceptibility Studies
2.2. Determination of Fractional Inhibitory Concentration
2.3. Synergistic Interaction of Extract–Antibiotic at Different Ratios
2.4. Identification of Compounds in T. petiolaris Methanol (TPM) and Aqueous (TPW Extracts)
2.5. Toxicity Quantification
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Plant Collection and Extraction
4.3. Antibacterial Studies
4.4. Growth of Bacterial Cultures
4.5. Disc Diffusion Assay Screening
4.6. Liquid Microdilution MIC Assay
4.7. Determination of Combinational Effects
4.8. Determination of Optimal Ratios by Isobologram Analysis
4.9. Non-Targeted Headspace LC-MS Conditions for Quantitative Analysis
4.10. Toxicity Studies
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Extract and Antibiotic | MIC (µg/mL) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E. coli | ESBL E. coli | S. aureus | MRSA | K. pneumoniae | ESBL K. pneumoniae | |
TPM | 109.37 | 437.5 | 437.5 | 437.5 | 437.5 | 437.5 |
TPW | 218.75 | 875 | 875 | 875 | 218.75 | 212.5 |
TPE | 250 | 250 | 250 | 250 | 250 | 250 |
Tetracycline | - | - | 1.25 | - | - | - |
Chloramphenicol | - | - | 0.31 | - | 1.25 | 1.25 |
Ciprofloxacin | 2.5 | - | 0.62 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 1.25 |
Gentamicin | 0.039 | 0.039 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
Erythromycin | - | - | 1.25 | - | 2.5 | - |
Negative control | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Bacteria | Extract | Tetracycline | Chloramphenicol | Ciprofloxacin | Gentamicin | Erythromycin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E. coli | TPM | - | - | 0.52 | 3.60 | - |
TPW | - | - | 2.25 | 0.71 | ||
TPE | - | - | 0.75 | 1.36 | - | |
ESBL E. coli | TPM | - | - | - | 2.85 | - |
TPW | - | - | - | 5.33 | - | |
TPE | - | - | - | 2.66 | - | |
S. aureus | TPM | 0.62 | 1 | 1.50 | 0.71 | 0.62 |
TPW | 0.50 | 1.25 | 1.04 | 0.66 | 1 | |
TPE | 1 | 1.25 | 1.5 | 0.66 | 1 | |
MRSA | TPM | - | - | 2.25 | 2.85 | - |
TPW | - | - | 0.75 | 0.66 | - | |
TPE | - | - | 0.75 | 2.60 | - | |
K. pneumoniae | TPM | - | 0.62 | 1.12 | 2.85 | 0.56 |
TPW | - | 0.62 | 2.25 | 0.71 | 1.12 | |
TPE | - | 2 | 0.75 | 0.66 | 0.40 | |
ESBL K. pneumoniae | TPM | - | 0.62 | 1.25 | 2.85 | - |
TPW | - | 0.63 | 2.55 | 1.42 | - | |
TPE | - | 2 | 1 | 0.66 | - |
Retention Time (Min) | Empirical Formula | Molecular Mass | Putative Identification | Relative Abundance (% Total Area) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TPM | TPW | ||||
7.06 | C21H20O11 | 448 | Trifolin | 1.36 | |
6.35 | C27H30O16 | 610 | Quercetin | 0.18 | |
5.54 | C21H20O11 | 448 | Orientin | 5.17 | |
5.94 | C21H18O13 | 478 | Miquelianin | 0.07 | |
6.87 | C28H24O15 | 600 | Isoorientin 2″-O-gallate | 0.04 | |
6.37 | C24H26O9 | 458 | 7-Hydroxy-5,4′-dimethoxy-8-methylisoflavone 7-O-rhamnoside | 0.05 | |
7.37 | C23H22O13 | 506 | 6-Methoxyluteolin 7-glucuronide methyl ester | 2.73 | |
7.16 | C22H20O13 | 492 | 6-Methoxyluteolin 7-glucuronide | 0.12 | |
0.32 | C20H18O13 | 466 | 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-8-{[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]oxy}-4H-chromen-4-one | 0.42 | |
7.97 | C15H10O7 | 302 | 2-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one | 0.05 | |
6.73 | C28H24O14 | 584 | 2″-O-Galloylisovitexin | 0.10 | |
6.18 | C21H20O10 | 432 | 1,5-Anhydro-1-[5,7-dihydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-4H-chromen-8-yl]hexitol | 1.30 | |
6.21 | C28H24O15 | 600 | (2S,3R,4R,5S,6S)-2-{[2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl]oxy}-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyloxan-4-yl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate | 0.98 | |
6.17 | C20H22O10 | 422 | (2R,3S)-7-{[(2S,3R,4R,5S)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-3,5-diol | 2.55 | |
0.52 | C15H12O7 | 322 | (2R,3R)-2-(2,6-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-2,3-dihydro-4H-chromen-4-one | 0.24 | |
6.29 | C21H20O11 | 448 | Orientin | 1.55 | |
6.95 | C28H24O15 | 600 | (2S,3R,4R,5S,6S)-2-{[2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl]oxy}-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyloxan-4-yl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate | 0.37 | |
7.36 | C21H20O10 | 432 | 1,5-Anhydro-1-[5,7-dihydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-4H-chromen-8-yl]hexitol | 0.17 |
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Zai, M.J.; Cheesman, M.J.; Cock, I.E. Terminalia petiolaris A.Cunn ex Benth. Extracts Have Antibacterial Activity and Potentiate Conventional Antibiotics against β-Lactam-Drug-Resistant Bacteria. Antibiotics 2023, 12, 1643. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12111643
Zai MJ, Cheesman MJ, Cock IE. Terminalia petiolaris A.Cunn ex Benth. Extracts Have Antibacterial Activity and Potentiate Conventional Antibiotics against β-Lactam-Drug-Resistant Bacteria. Antibiotics. 2023; 12(11):1643. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12111643
Chicago/Turabian StyleZai, Muhammad Jawad, Matthew James Cheesman, and Ian Edwin Cock. 2023. "Terminalia petiolaris A.Cunn ex Benth. Extracts Have Antibacterial Activity and Potentiate Conventional Antibiotics against β-Lactam-Drug-Resistant Bacteria" Antibiotics 12, no. 11: 1643. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12111643