Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Strains to Last Resort Human Antibiotics Isolated from Healthy Companion Animals in Valencia Region
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Epidemiological Results
2.1.1. Dogs
2.1.2. Cats
2.2. Antimicrobial Susceptibility from E. coli Strains
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Experimental Design
4.2. Epidemiological Data Collection
4.3. Sample Collection
4.4. E. coli Isolation
4.5. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dog | Cat | Dog | Cat | |||
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Antibiotic Group | % AMR/Group | % AMR/Group | Antibiotic | EMA | % AMR/Antibiotic | % AMR/Antibiotic |
Aminoglycosides | 15.7 a ± 1.4 | 23.2 a ± 2.5 | Amikacin | C | 17.6 a,b,c ± 3.8 | 23.2 a,b,c,d ± 4.3 |
Gentamicin | C | 8.8 c,g ± 2.8 | 21.1 a,b,c ± 4.2 | |||
Tobramycin | C | 20.6 a,b,f ± 4 | 25.3 b,c,d ± 4.5 | |||
Carbapenemases | 5.9 b ± 1.2 | 9.5 b,c ± 2.1 | Ertapenem | A | 5.9 g ± 2.3 | 12.6 a,f ± 3.4 |
Meropenem | A | 5.9 g ± 2.3 | 6.3 f,g ± 2.5 | |||
Cephalosporins | 22.4 c ± 4.1 | 21.7 a ± 1.6 | Cefepime | B | 15.7 a,c ± 3.6 | 17.9 a,b ± 3.9 |
Cefixime | B | 23.5 a,b,f,h ± 4.2 | 30.5 c,d,e ± 4.7 | |||
Cefotaxime | B | 28.4 b,f,h ± 4.5 | 16.8 a,b ± 3.8 | |||
Cefoxitin | C | 23.5 a,b,f,h ± 4.2 | 21.1 a,b,c ± 4.2 | |||
Cefuroxime | C | 21.6 a,b,f ± 4.1 | 18.9 a,b,c ± 4 | |||
Cefalexin | C | 23.5 a,b,f,h ± 4.2 | 24.2 b,c,d ± 4.4 | |||
Ceftazidime | B | 20.6 a,b,f ± 4 | 21.1 a,b,c ± 4.2 | |||
Nitrofurans | 14.7 a ± 3.5 | 4.2 c,d ± 2.1 | Nitrofurantoin | D | 14.7 a ± 3.5 | 4.2 c,d ± 2.1 |
Penicillins | 45.8 d ± 1.9 | 25.5 a ± 2.2 | Ampicillin | D | 62.7 d ± 4.8 | 38.9 e ± 5 |
Amoxicillin/ Clavulanic acid | C | 43.1 e ± 4.9 | 18.9 a,b,c ± 4 | |||
Piperacillin/ Tazobactam | A | 16.7 a,c ± 3.7 | 4.2 g ± 2.1 | |||
Ticarcillin | D | 60.8 d ± 4.8 | 40 e ± 5 | |||
Quinolones | 23.9 c ± 2.1 | 25.6 a ± 3.8 | Ciprofloxacin (FQ) | B | 22.5 a,b,f ± 4.1 | 21.1 a,b,c ± 4.2 |
Levofloxacin (FQ) | B | 19.6 a,b,f ± 3.9 | 21.1 a,b,c ± 4.2 | |||
Nalidixic acid (Q) | B | 29.4 f,h ± 4.5 | 34.7 d,e ± 4.9 | |||
Folate inhibitor pathway | 35.3 e ± 4.7 | 16.8 a,b ± 3.8 | Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim | D | 35.3 e,h ± 4.7 | 16.8 a,b ± 3.8 |
Glycylcycline | 2.9 b ± 1 | 1.1 d ± 1 | Tigecycline | A | 2.9 b ± 1 | 1.1 d ± 1 |
N of AB Groups | n of Dog Isolates (%) | n of Cat Isolates (%) | N of Isolates (%) | AMR Patterns |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | - | - | 12 (6.1%) | - |
1 | 11 (10.8%) | 9 (9.5%) | 20 (10.2%) | PEN |
4 (3.9%) | 5 (5.3%) | 9 (4.6%) | CEPHA | |
2 (2.1%) | 6 (6.3%) | 8 (4.1%) | QUIN | |
- | 3 (3.2%) | 3 (1.5%) | AMINO | |
2 | 2 (2.1%) | - | 2 (1.1%) | PEN-AMINO |
7 (6.9%) | 3 (3.2%) | 10 (5.1%) | PEN-CEPHA | |
3 (2.9%) | 3 (3.2%) | 6 (3.0%) | PEN-QUIN | |
9 (8.8%) | 4 (4.2%) | 13 (6.6%) | PEN-FOL | |
1 (1.1%) | - | 1 (0.5%) | CEPHA-NITRO | |
1 (1.1%) | - | 1 (0.5%) | CEPHA-QUIN | |
2 (2.1%) | - | 2 (1.1%) | QUIN-FOL | |
- | 1 (1.1%) | 1 (0.5%) | ANIMO-FOL | |
- | 2 (2.1%) | 2 (1.1%) | AMINO-QUIN | |
3 | 3 (2.9%) | 2 (2.1%) | 5 (2.5%) | PEN-AMINO-CEPHA |
1 (1.1%) | - | 1 (0.5%) | PEN-AMINO-NITRO | |
2 (2.1%) | 2 (2.1%) | 4 (2.0%) | PEN-AMINO-QUIN | |
4 (3.9%) | 4 (4.2%) | 8 (4.1%) | PEN-CEPHA-QUIN | |
5 (5.0%) | 1 (1.1%) | 6 (3.0%) | PEN-CEPHA-FOL | |
2 (2.1%) | - | 2 (1.1%) | PEN-NITRO-FOL | |
4 (3.9%) | 1 (1.1%) | 5 (2.5%) | PEN-QUIN-FOL | |
1 (1.1%) | 1 (1.1%) | 2 (1.1%) | PEN-QUIN-NITRO | |
1 (1.1%) | - | 1 (0.5%) | PEN-CARB-GLYC | |
1 (1.1%) | 1 (1.1%) | 2 (1.1%) | AMINO-CEPHA-QUIN | |
4 | 3 (2.9%) | 3 (3.2%) | 6 (3.0%) | PEN-AMINO-CEPHA-QUIN |
2 (2.1%) | - | 2 (1.1%) | PEN-AMINO-CEPHA-FOL | |
1 (1.1%) | 1 (1.1%) | 2 (1.1%) | PEN-AMINO-QUIN-FOL | |
2 (2.1%) | - | 2 (1.1%) | PEN-AMINO-NITRO-FOL | |
2 (2.1%) | - | 2 (1.1%) | PEN-CEPHA-QUIN-FOL | |
- | 1 (1.1%) | 1 (0.5%) | AMINO-CEPHA-QUIN-FOL | |
- | 1 (1.1%) | 1 (0.5%) | AMINO-CEPHA-QUIN-CARB | |
5 | 5 (5.0%) | 3 (3.2%) | 8 (4.1%) | PEN-AMINO-CEPHA-QUIN-CARB |
1 (1.1%) | 2 (2.1%) | 3 (1.5%) | PEN-AMINO-CEPHA-QUIN-FOL | |
- | 1 (1.1%) | 1 (0.5%) | PEN-AMINO-QUIN-FOL-CARB | |
- | 1 (1.1%) | 1 (0.5%) | PEN-AMINO-CEPHA-NITRO-FOL | |
1 (1.1%) | - | 1 (0.5%) | PEN-CEPHA-QUIN-NITRO-CARB | |
1 (1.1%) | - | 1 (0.5%) | PEN-CEPHA-QUIN-NITRO-FOL | |
6 | 1 (1.1%) | 1 (1.1%) | 1 (0.5%) | PEN-AMINO-CEPHA-QUIN-NITRO-CARB |
2 (2.1%) | - | 2 (1.1%) | PEN-AMINO-CEPHA-QUIN-NITRO-FOL | |
- | 5 (5.3%) | 5 (2.5%) | PEN-AMINO-CEPHA-QUIN-FOL-CARB | |
- | 1 (1.1%) | 1 (0.5%) | PEN-AMINO-CEPHA-QUIN-FOL-GLYC | |
7 | 1 (1.1%) | 1 (1.1%) | 2 (1.1%) | PEN-AMINO-CEPHA-QUIN-NITRO-FOL-CARB |
8 | 2 (2.1%) | - | 2 (1.1%) | PEN-AMINO-CEPHA-QUIN-NITRO-FOL-CARB-GLYC |
Antibiotic Group | Antibiotic | Abbreviation | Concentration | EUCAST Breakpoints |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aminoglycosides | Amikacin | AMI | 2–32 μg/mL | >8 μg/mL |
Gentamicin | GEN | 0.5–8 μg/mL | >2 μg/mL | |
Tobramycin | TOB | 0.5–8 μg/mL | >2 μg/mL | |
Carbapenemases | Ertapenem | ERT | 0.12–2 μg/mL | >0.5 μg/mL |
Meropenem | MER | 0.12–16 μg/mL | >8 μg/mL | |
Cephalosporins | Cefepime | CEP | 0.5–8 μg/mL | >4 μg/mL |
Cefixime | CIX | 0.5–2 μg/mL | >1 μg/mL | |
Cefotaxime | CTA | 0.5–4 μg/mL | >2 μg/mL | |
Cefoxitin | CXI | 2–16 μg/mL | >8 μg/mL | |
Cefuroxime | CUR | 2–16 μg/mL | >8 μg/mL | |
Cefalexin | CLE | 8–32 μg/mL | >16 μg/mL | |
Ceftazidime | CTZ | 0.5–8 μg/mL | >4 μg/mL | |
Nitrofurans | Nitrofurantoin | NIT | 32–64 μg/mL | >64 μg/mL |
Penicillins | Ampicillin | AMP | 2–16 μg/mL | >8 μg/mL |
Amoxicillin/ Clavulanic acid | AMC | 2/2–32/2 μg/mL | >8 μg/mL | |
Piperacillin/ Tazobactam | PIT | 2/4–32/4 μg/mL | >8 μg/mL | |
Ticarcillin | TIC | 4–32 μg/mL | >16 μg/mL | |
Quinolones | Ciprofloxacin (FQ) | CIP | 0.12–1 μg/mL | >0.5 μg/mL |
Levofloxacin (FQ) | LEV | 0.25–2 μg/mL | >1 μg/mL | |
Nalidixic acid (Q) | NAL | 16 μg/mL | >8 μg/mL | |
Folate inhibitor pathway | Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim | TRS | 1/19–8/152 μg/mL | >4 μg/mL |
Glycylcycline | Tigecycline | TIG | 0.5–4 μg/mL | >0.5 μg/mL |
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Marco-Fuertes, A.; Jordá, J.; Marin, C.; Lorenzo-Rebenaque, L.; Montoro-Dasi, L.; Vega, S. Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Strains to Last Resort Human Antibiotics Isolated from Healthy Companion Animals in Valencia Region. Antibiotics 2023, 12, 1638. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12111638
Marco-Fuertes A, Jordá J, Marin C, Lorenzo-Rebenaque L, Montoro-Dasi L, Vega S. Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Strains to Last Resort Human Antibiotics Isolated from Healthy Companion Animals in Valencia Region. Antibiotics. 2023; 12(11):1638. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12111638
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarco-Fuertes, Ana, Jaume Jordá, Clara Marin, Laura Lorenzo-Rebenaque, Laura Montoro-Dasi, and Santiago Vega. 2023. "Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Strains to Last Resort Human Antibiotics Isolated from Healthy Companion Animals in Valencia Region" Antibiotics 12, no. 11: 1638. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12111638