Exposure to Antibiotics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Could Probiotics Modulate the Gut–Brain Axis?
Abstract
:1. Introduction: Neurodevelopmental Disorders
2. Gut–Brain Axis
3. NDD-Associated Gastrointestinal Symptoms
4. Prenatal Antibiotics Exposure and the Risk of ASD
5. Early Antibiotics Exposure and the Risk of ASD
6. Probiotics and Use of Probiotics in NDDs
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Antibiotics | Human Gut Bacteria | |
---|---|---|
Penicillin (Amoxicillin, ampicillin, Oxacillin, PenV) | ↑Enterobacteria ↑Bacteroidaceae | ↓Bifidobacteria ↓Lactobacilli ↓Eubacteria |
Cephalosporins (Cefalor, Cafotaxime, Cefuroxime, Cefepime) | ↑Clostridia ↑Bacteroides spp. | ↓E. coli ↓Bifidobacteria ↓Enterobacteriaceae |
Macrolides (Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Erythromycin, Spiramycin) | ↑Enterococci ↑Streptococci ↑Bacteroidetes ↑Enterobacteria | ↓Actinobacteria ↓Clostriales spp. ↓Veillonella spp. |
Bacteria | Health Condition | Experimental Model | Main Outcomes | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
L. rhamnosus JB-1 | Healthy condition | Adult male BALB/c mice | ↓stress-induced corticosterone and anxiety- and depression-related behavior Modulation of GABA expression at the brain level via the vagus nerve | [227] |
L. plantarum DR7 | Mental stress condition | Adult patients | ↓stress; ↓anxiety; ↑cognitive functions ↑dopamine and norepinephrine ↓plasma cortisol and pro- inflammatory cytokines | [201] |
L. plantarum DR7 | Mental stress condition | Adult patients | ↓stress; ↓anxiety; ↑cognitive functions Modulation of stress-induced bowel movement and gut microbiota in association with dopamine and serotonin | [202] |
L. plantarum P8 | Mental stress condition | Adult patients | ↓stress; ↓anxiety; ↑memory and cognitive traits ↓pro-inflammatory markers | [228] |
L. plantarum MTCC1325 | Neurodegenerative disorders | Albino rats | Behavioral changes; ↓cognitive deficits ↓acetylcholine levels | [209] |
L. plantarum C29 | Adult with mild cognitive impairments | Adult patients | ↑cognitive functions especially in the attention domain ↑serum BDNF levels | [203] |
L. casei Shirota | Chronic fatigue syndrome | Adult patients | ↓anxiety symptoms with modulation of gut microbiota | [229] |
B. infantis 35624 | Maternal separation (MS) model | MS adult rat offsprings | Normalization of the immune response; ↓behavioral deficits ↓noradrenaline in the brain ↓depression-like behavior; ↓5-HT, noradrenaline and dopamine levels; ↑peripheral IL6 | [206] |
L. helveticus R0052 combined with B. longum R0175 | Induced stress | Adult Wistar rats | ↓anxiety-like behavior; ↓stress-induced gastrointestinal discomfort | [205] |
L. helveticus R0052 combined with B. longum R0175 | Induced stress | Adult patients | ↓psychological distress; ↓stress-induced gastrointestinal discomfort | [205] |
L. helveticus NS8 | Chronic restraint induced stress | Sprague-Dawley rats | ↑intestinal barrier and BBB; ↓global inflammation status ↑BDNF; ↓serotonin and noradrenaline in the hippocampus ↑circulating anti-inflammatory cytokines | [210] |
L. plantarum PS128 | Early life stress condition | Adult C57BL/6J mice | ↓locomotor activities anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors ↓serum corticosterone and inflammatory cytokine levels ↑anti-inflammatory cytokine levels ↑dopamine and serotonin in the prefrontal cortex | [208] |
L. plantarum PS128 | ASD | Children | ↓Age-dependent autism symptoms; ↓behavioral aspects, such as disruptive and rule-breaking attitudes and hyperactivity/impulsivity | [230] |
Bacteroides fragilis | ASD | Maternal immune activation murine model | ↓ASD-related defects in communicative, stereotypic, anxiety-like and sensorimotor behaviors Restoration of gut permeability and modulation of gut microbial composition | [128] |
Vivomixx→ VSL#3 | ASD | 12-year-old boy | ↓severity of abdominal symptoms; ↓Autistic core symptoms Modulation of gut microbiota and positive regulation of intestinal barrier | [212] |
Vivomixx→ VSL#3 | ASD | Preschool children | ↓GI symptoms; ↑multisensory processing, adaptive functions, and developmental pathways | [216,217] |
L. acidophilus DSM32241, L. plantarum DSM32244, L. casei DSM32243, L. helveticus DSM32242, L. brevis DSM11988, B. lactis DSM32246, B. lactis DSM32247, and S. salivarius subsp. thermophilus DSM32245. | Drug-resistant Epilepsy | Adult patients | ↓epileptic seizures; ↑quality of life ↓serum IL-6 and sCD14; ↑serum GABA | [214] |
L. rhamnosus GG | ADHD | Infants | Preventive effect in reducing the risk of developing ADHD | [87] |
L. rhamnosus GG combined with B. animalis subsp. lactis Bb12 | SCZ | Adult patients | ↓severe bowel difficulty and prevention of common somatic symptoms associated with SCZ Positive effects on digestion and on GI disorders such as chronic constipation | [213] |
L. rhamnosus GG combined with B. animalis subsp. lactis Bb12 | SCZ | Adult patients | ↑intestinal barrier integrity; ↓bowel difficulties via modulation of inflammatory cytokines belonging to IL17 family no significant impact on positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) psychiatric symptom scores | [221] |
BIO-THREE® | SCZ | Adult patients | ↓constipation; ↓insulin resistance; ↓intestinal inflammation | [222] |
B. breve A-1 | SCZ | Adult patients | Improved PANSS scores; ↓depression; ↓anxiety ↓symptoms with a modulation of IL22 and tumor necrosis factor-related activation induced cytokines (TRANCE) | [229] |
B. bifidum, L. acidophilus, L. fermentum and L. reuteri combined with vitamin D | SCZ | Adult patients | Amelioration of PANSS scores ↓inflammation; ↑plasma total antioxidant capacity | [225] |
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Diamanti, T.; Prete, R.; Battista, N.; Corsetti, A.; De Jaco, A. Exposure to Antibiotics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Could Probiotics Modulate the Gut–Brain Axis? Antibiotics 2022, 11, 1767. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11121767
Diamanti T, Prete R, Battista N, Corsetti A, De Jaco A. Exposure to Antibiotics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Could Probiotics Modulate the Gut–Brain Axis? Antibiotics. 2022; 11(12):1767. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11121767
Chicago/Turabian StyleDiamanti, Tamara, Roberta Prete, Natalia Battista, Aldo Corsetti, and Antonella De Jaco. 2022. "Exposure to Antibiotics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Could Probiotics Modulate the Gut–Brain Axis?" Antibiotics 11, no. 12: 1767. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11121767
APA StyleDiamanti, T., Prete, R., Battista, N., Corsetti, A., & De Jaco, A. (2022). Exposure to Antibiotics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Could Probiotics Modulate the Gut–Brain Axis? Antibiotics, 11(12), 1767. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11121767