Pomegranate Extract Potentiates the Anti-Demineralizing, Anti-Biofilm, and Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Non-Alcoholic Mouthwash When Associated with Sodium-Fluoride Trimetaphosphate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Phytochemical profile of PPE
2.2. Anti-Demineralization Effect
2.3. Formulation Stability—F Quantification and Determination of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration
2.4. Anti-Biofilm Effect
2.5. Anti-Inflammatory Effect
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Material and Extraction Procedure
Chemical Analysis of PPE by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
4.2. Preparing the Mouthwash Formulations
Quantification of Total Phenolics
4.3. Experimental Design pH Cycling
4.3.1. Determination of Fluoride in Solutions
4.3.2. Experimental Solutions and Treatment with Formulations
4.3.3. Hardness Measurements
4.3.4. Analysis of F, Ca, and P Concentration in the Enamel
4.4. Stability Test of Mouthwash Formulations
4.5. Anti-Biofilm Activity
4.5.1. Artificial Saliva, Microorganism Strains, and Growth Conditions
4.5.2. Biofilm Assay
4.5.3. Number of Cultivable Cells
4.5.4. Biofilm pH Assessment
4.6. Measurement of Inflammatory Cytokines TNF-α and IL-6
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Patent
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Samples | Total Phenols Expressed as Gallic Acid |
---|---|
Pomegranate peel extract | 114.98 (3.55) |
N | 0.49 (0.06) |
E | 11.56 (0.01) |
TF1 | 0.54 (0.05) |
TF2 | 0.53 (0.07) |
ETF1 | 11.48 (0.22) |
ETF2 | 11.59 (0.55) |
Formulation | %SH (KHN) | ΔKHN (KHN × µm) | Fluoride (µg/mm3) | Calcium (µg/mm3) | Phosphorus (µg/mm3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
W | −87.4 a (3.2) | 7249.8 a (782.5) | 0.5 a (0.2) | 150.7 a (31.0) | 158.6 a (28.4) |
E | −84.9 a (6.1) | 6546.7 a (696.6) | 0.5 a (0.4) | 156.4 a (15.9) | 143.5 a (44.0) |
F1 | −73.4 b (4.5) | 4978.5 b (691.8) | 0.6 b (0.2) | 194.0 b (47.6) | 170.0 b (36.0) |
F2 | −65.0 c (5.0) | 3810.1 c (842.2) | 1.2 c (0.4) | 269.4 c (51.2) | 215.0 c (10.9) |
TF1 | −56.4 d (4.4) | 4309.4 c (497.7) | 0.7 b (0.2) | 212.3 b (85.3) | 212.4 c (79.9) |
TF2 | −55.0 d (4.1) | 3597.6 c (652.8) | 1.2 c (0.4) | 188.2 b (28.4) | 196.6 c (35.4) |
ETF1 | −52.0 d (7.5) | 3870.6 c (900.1) | 0.8 d (0.2) | 218.1 b (65.6) | 210.9 c (48.3) |
ETF2 | −34.5 e (4.4) | 2564.1 d (597.7) | 1.2 c (0.7) | 297.3 d (54.3) | 204.4 c (43.8) |
CM | −67.7 c (6.7) | 5292.7 b (756.3) | 1.2 c (0.1) | 176.6 b (46.8) | 210.5 c (32.1) |
Biofilm-24 h | % Biofilm Reduction | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Candida albicans | Streptococcus mutans | |||
Groups/Treatment (min) | 1 | 10 | 1 | 10 |
E | 20.26 | 31.74 | 24.54 | 27.93 |
TF2 | 17.36 | 32.07 | 10.55 | 28.50 |
ETF2 | 26.21 | 36.02 | 12.91 | 36.09 |
CM (positive control) | 42.12 | 97.86 | 53.29 | 56.46 |
NC (negative control) | - | - | - | - |
Biofilm-24 h | pH | |
---|---|---|
Candida albicans + Streptococcus mutans | ||
Groups/Treatment (min) | 1 | 10 |
E | 5.28 | 5.28 |
TF2 | 5.10 | 5.09 |
ETF2 | 5.15 | 5.20 |
CM (positive control) | 5.67 | 5.51 |
NC (negative control) | 5.45 | 5.51 |
Constituent | Mouthwash Formulation | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | E | F1 | F2 | TF1 | TF2 | ETF1 | ETF2 | |
Pomegranate Peel Extract | - | 10.40 | - | - | - | - | 10.40 | 10.40 |
Stabilizers | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
Microbiological Conserver | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
Chelating | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Sodium-Fluoride | - | - | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.05 |
Sodium-Trimetaphosphate | - | - | - | - | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.30 |
Sweetener I | 7.50 | 7.50 | 7.50 | 7.50 | 7.50 | 7.50 | 7.50 | 7.50 |
Humectant | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 |
Purified water q.s. | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
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Fernandes, G.L.; Vieira, A.P.M.; Danelon, M.; Emerenciano, N.G.; Berretta, A.A.; Buszinski, A.F.M.; Hori, J.I.; Lima, M.H.F.d.; Reis, T.F.d.; Lima, J.A.d.; et al. Pomegranate Extract Potentiates the Anti-Demineralizing, Anti-Biofilm, and Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Non-Alcoholic Mouthwash When Associated with Sodium-Fluoride Trimetaphosphate. Antibiotics 2022, 11, 1477. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111477
Fernandes GL, Vieira APM, Danelon M, Emerenciano NG, Berretta AA, Buszinski AFM, Hori JI, Lima MHFd, Reis TFd, Lima JAd, et al. Pomegranate Extract Potentiates the Anti-Demineralizing, Anti-Biofilm, and Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Non-Alcoholic Mouthwash When Associated with Sodium-Fluoride Trimetaphosphate. Antibiotics. 2022; 11(11):1477. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111477
Chicago/Turabian StyleFernandes, Gabriela Lopes, Ana Paula Miranda Vieira, Marcelle Danelon, Nayara Gonçalves Emerenciano, Andresa Aparecida Berretta, Andrei Felipe Moreira Buszinski, Juliana Issa Hori, Mikhael Haruo Fernandes de Lima, Thaila Fernanda dos Reis, Jessica Aparecida de Lima, and et al. 2022. "Pomegranate Extract Potentiates the Anti-Demineralizing, Anti-Biofilm, and Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Non-Alcoholic Mouthwash When Associated with Sodium-Fluoride Trimetaphosphate" Antibiotics 11, no. 11: 1477. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111477