Concerning Increase in Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Pathogenic Strains of Salmonella Isolated in Poultry Meat Products
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Prevalence of Pathogens in Salmonella Isolates
2.2. Antimicrobial Susceptibility
2.3. Prevalence of Resistance Genes
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Sampling
4.2. Susceptibility Testing
4.3. DNA Extraction Protocol
4.4. PCR Protocol for Confirmation of Pathogenic Strains
4.5. PCR Protocol for Resistance Gene Testing
4.6. Statistical Analysis
Gene | Nucleotide Sequence 5′–3′ | Product Size (pb) | Annealing t (°) | Antibiotic | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
tetA | F:TTGGCATTCTGCATTCACTC R:GTATAGCTTGCCGGAAGTCG | 494 | 55 | TET | [39] |
tetB | F:GTATAGCTTGCCGGAAGTCG R:CAGTGCTGTTGTGTCATTAA | 571 | 55 | TET | [39] |
tetC | F:GCTTGGAATACTGAGTGTAA R:CTTGAGAGCCTTCAACCCAG | 418 | 55 | TET | [39] |
Sul1 | F:CAAAGCCCCTTGCTTGTTAC R:TTTCCTGACCCTGCGCTCTAT | 793 | 55 | SMX, SXT | [40] |
Sul2 | F:GTGCGGACGTAGTCAGCGCCA R:CCTGTTTCGTCCGACACAGA | 667 | 55 | SMX, SXT | [40] |
cat1 | F:AACCAGACCGTTCAGCTGGAT R:CCTGCCACTCATCGCAGTAC | 549 | 55 | CHL | [41] |
cat2 | F:AACGGCATGAACCTGAA R:ATCCCAATGGCATCGTAAAG | 547 | 55 | CHL | [40] |
floR | F:ATGACCACCACACGCCCCG R:AGACGACTGGCGACTTCTTCG | 198 | 55 | CHL | [40] |
aac(3)11a, | F:CGGCCTGCTGAATCAGTTTC R:AAAGCCCACGACACCTTCTC | 439 | 55 | GEN | [39] |
aph(3)11a | F:TCTGAAACATGGCAAAGGTAG R:AGCCGTTTCTGTAATGAAGGA | 582 | 55 | GEN | [39] |
blaCMY-2 | F:TGG CCG TTG CCG TTA TCT AC R:CCC GTT TTA TGC ACC CAT GA | 870 | 55 | β-Lactams | [42] |
blaSHV-1 | F:GGC CGC GTA GGC ATG ATA GA R:CCC GGC GAT TTG CTG ATT TC | 714 | 55 | β-Lactams | [42] |
blaTEM-1 | F:CAG CGG TAA GAT CCT TGA GA R:ACT CCC CGT CGT GTA GAT AA | 643 | 55 | β-Lactams | [42] |
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample No./Year | Serotype | Product | Antimicrobial Resistance Profile | Antimicrobial Resistance Genes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1,2,3,4,5,6,7/2011 | S. enteritidis | Poultry meat (carcass) | S, TET | sulI, tetA |
8,9,10,11/2011 | S. enteritidis | Poultry meat (chicken breast) | NA, TET | tetA, tetB |
12,13/2012 | S. enteritidis | Poultry meat (carcass) | S, TET | sulI, dfr, tetA |
14/2012 | S. thyphimurium | Poultry meat (carcass) | AMP, TET, | sulI, sulII, tetA, |
15,16,17,18/2013 | S. enteritidis | Poultry meat (carcass) | SMX, TET | sulI, tetB, tetC |
19,20,21/2013 | S. thyphimurium | Poultry meat (carcass) | CHL, AMP, TET, NA | sulI, sulII, tetA, tetB, cat1 |
22,23,24,25/2013 | S. enteritidis | Poultry meat (carcass) | CAZ, NA, TET, S | sulI, sulII, tetA, tetC |
26,27,28/2013 | S. enteritidis | Poultry organs (liver) | SMX, AMP, TET, NA | sulI, sulII, tetA, tetB, |
29,30/2014 | S. enteritidis | Poultry meat (carcass) | TET, NA | sulI, tetB, tetA |
31,32,33/2014 | S. thyphimurium | Poultry meat (carcass) | S, AMP | sulI, sulII, tetA, tetB |
34,35/2014 | S. enteritidis | Poultry organs (liver) | AMP, NA, S, CAZ | dhfr1, sulI, tetA |
36,37,38,39/2014 | S. enteritidis | Poultry organs (liver) | NA, TET | blaTEM-1, aadA1, sulI, sulII, tetA, tetB |
40,41,42/2014 | S. thyphimurium | Poultry meat (breast) | AMP, TET | aadA1, sulI, sulII, tetB, |
43,44/2014 | S. thyphimurium | Poultry meat (chicken wings) | NA, TET | aadA1, sulI, sulII |
45,46/2014 | S. enteritidis | Poultry organs (hearts and gizzards) | NA, AMP | blaTEM-1, aadA1, dhfr1, sulI, tetA |
47,48/2015 | S. enteritidis | Poultry meat (carcass) | AMP, TET | aadA1, sulI, sulII, tetB |
49/2015 | S. thyphimurium | Poultry meat (carcass) | CHL, AMP, TET, SXT, NA | aadA1, sulI, sulII, tetA, tetB, tetC, cat1 |
50,51,52,53/2015 | S. enteritidis | Poultry meat (carcass) | AMP, TET | aadA1, sulI, sulII, tetB, |
54/2015 | S. thyphimurium | Poultry organs (liver) | NA, TET | sulI, sulII, tetA |
Sample No./Year | Serotype | Product | Antimicrobial Resistance Profile | Antimicrobial Resistance Genes |
---|---|---|---|---|
55/2016 | S. enteritidis | Poultry organs (hearts and gizzards) | NA, TET | sulI, sulII, tetA, tetB, tetC |
56/2017 | S. enteritidis | Poultry meat (carcass) | AMP, TET | aadA1, sulI, tetB, tetA, tetC |
57/2017 | S. thyphimurium | Poultry meat (carcass) | NA, AMP, TET, CAZ | aadA1, dhfr1, sulI, sulII, tetA, cat2 |
58,59,60/2018 | S. enteritidis | Poultry meat (carcass) | SMX, NA, GEN, AMP, TET, SXT | blaCMY-2, blaTEM-1, aadA1, aac(3)11a, sulI, sulII, tetA, tetC |
61,62/2018 | S. enteritidis | Poultry meat (chicken breast) | S, NA, AMP, TET, CHL | aadA1, sulI, sulII, tetB, blaTEM-1, cat1, floR |
63,64/2018 | S. thyphimurium | Poultry meat (carcass) | NA, TET | sulI, sulII, tetB |
65/2018 | S. thyphimurium | Poultry meat (carcass) | S, AMP, TET, SXT, CAZ, GEN | aadA1, sulI, sulII, tetB, blaTEM-1, cat1. aac(3)11a |
66/2018 | S. thyphimurium | Poultry organs (liver) | SUL, TET | sulI, tetA, tetB, tetC |
67,68/2019 | S. enteritidis | Poultry meat (carcass) | SMX, S, AMP, TET, SXT, CHL | aadA1, sulI, sulII, tetB, blaTEM-1, cat1 |
69,70/2019 | S. enteritidis | Poultry meat (carcass) | NA, TET | blaTEM-1, sulI, tetA |
71/2019 | S. enteritidis | Poultry organs (liver) | AMP, TET | aadA1, sulI, sulII, tetB, blaTEM-1 |
72,73/2020 | S. enteritidis | Poultry meat (carcass) | S, AMP, TET, CIP, SXT, CHL | aadA1, sulI, tetA, tetB, tetC, blaTEM-1, dhfr1, cat1 |
74,75/2020 | S. thyphimurium | Poultry meat (carcass) | NA, TET, | sulI, sulII, tetA, tetB, tetC |
76,77,78/2020 | S. enteritidis | Poultry organs (liver) | AMP, NA | dhfr1, sulI |
79,80/2020 | S. enteritidis | Poultry organs (liver) | SMX, NA, S, AMP, TET, SXT | blaCMY-2, blaTEM-1, aadA1, dhfr1, sulI, sulII, tetA, |
81,82,83/2020 | S. thyphimurium | Poultry meat (breast) | SMX, S, AMP, TET, SXT, NA, CHL | aadA1, sulI, sulII, tetB, blaTEM-1, cat1 |
84,85/2021 | S. thyphimurium | Poultry meat (chicken wings) | AMP, NA | aadA1, dhfr1, sulI, sulII |
86,87,88/2021 | S. enteritidis | Poultry meat (carcass) | S, AMP, NA, TET, SXT, CHL | aadA1, sulI, tetA, tetB, tetC, blaTEM-1, dhfr1, cat1, floR |
89,90/2021 | S. enteritidis | Poultry organs (liver) | SMX, S, AMP, NA, TET, SXT, CHL | aadA1, sulI, sulII, tetB, blaTEM-1, cat1, cat2, floR |
91/2021 | S. enteritidis | Poultry meat (carcass) | S, AMP, TET, CIP, SXT, NA, CHL | aadA1, sulI, tetA, tetB, tetC, blaTEM-1, dhfr1, cat1, floR |
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Forgaciu, A.; Tabaran, A.; Colobatiu, L.; Mihaiu, R.; Dan, S.D.; Mihaiu, M. Concerning Increase in Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Pathogenic Strains of Salmonella Isolated in Poultry Meat Products. Antibiotics 2022, 11, 1469. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111469
Forgaciu A, Tabaran A, Colobatiu L, Mihaiu R, Dan SD, Mihaiu M. Concerning Increase in Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Pathogenic Strains of Salmonella Isolated in Poultry Meat Products. Antibiotics. 2022; 11(11):1469. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111469
Chicago/Turabian StyleForgaciu, Anca, Alexandra Tabaran, Liora Colobatiu, Romolica Mihaiu, Sorin Daniel Dan, and Marian Mihaiu. 2022. "Concerning Increase in Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Pathogenic Strains of Salmonella Isolated in Poultry Meat Products" Antibiotics 11, no. 11: 1469. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111469