Consumption of Antibiotics in Primary Care Setting before and during COVID-19 Pandemic in Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Data Collection
2.2. Outcome Assessment
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Penicillins J01C | Cephalosporins J01D | Macrolides J01F | Quinolones J01M | Tetracyclines J01A | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phenoxymeth * J01CE02 | cephalexin J01DB01 | Erythromycin J01FA01 | ciprofloxacin J01MA02 | doxycycline J01AA02 | TMS *** J01EE01 |
ampicillin J01CA01 | cefuroxime J01DC02 | Roxithromycin J01FA06 | nofloxacin J01MA06 | clindamycin J01FF01 | |
Amoxicillin J01CA04 | cefaclor J01DC04 | clarithromycin J01FA09 | levofloxacin J01MA12 | linkomycin J01FF02 | |
amox/clav ** J01CR02 | ceftriaxone J01DD04 | Azithromycin J01FA10 | moxifloxacin J01MA14 | gentamicin J01GB03 | |
cefixim J01DD08 | metronidazole J01XD01 | ||||
cefpodoxim J01DD13 | Nitrofurantoin J01XE01 |
Groups of Antibiotics | INN | ATC | DDD/TID | Ratio | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2020 | |||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||||
Penicillins | Phenoxymet | J01CEO2 | 0.84 | 0.33 | 0.55 | 0.22 | 0.66 | 0.211 ** |
Amoxicillin | J01CA04 | 6.60 | 6.71 | 13.21 | 3.78 | 2.00 | <0.001 ** | |
Ampicillin po | J01CA01 | 0.14 | 0.35 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.61 | 0.881 ** | |
Ampicillin pe | 0.01 | 0.20 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.90 | 0.921 * | ||
Amox/clav po | J01CR02 | 2.95 | 4.13 | 2.85 | 0.71 | 0.97 | 0.532 ** | |
Amox/clav pe | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.39 | 0.20 | 9.28 | 0.198 ** | ||
TOTAL | 10.58 | 11.01 | 17.10 | 13.63 | 1.61 | <0.001 ** | ||
Cephalosporins | Cefalexin | JO1DB01 | 1.60 | 1.18 | 4.77 | 2.71 | 2.98 | 0.009 * |
SUM 1st generation | 1.60 | 1.18 | 4.77 | 2.71 | 2.98 | 0.009 * | ||
Cefuroxim po | J01DC02 | 0.57 | 0.22 | 0.50 | 0.20 | 0.87 | 0.257 * | |
Cefuroxim pe | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.76 | 0.890 ** | ||
Cefaclor | J01DC04 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.51 | 0.711 ** | |
SUM 2nd generation | 0.61 | 0.25 | 0.52 | 0.21 | 0.85 | 0.562 * | ||
Cefixim po | J01DD08 | 0.24 | 0.16 | 0.38 | 0.25 | 1.60 | 0.032 * | |
Cefpodoxim | J01DD13 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 1.21 | 0.921 ** | |
Ceftriaxon | J01DD04 | 0.18 | 1.10 | 0.20 | 1.45 | 1.09 | 0.111 ** | |
SUM 3rd generation | 0.46 | 1.15 | 0.63 | 1.48 | 1.37 | 0.211 ** | ||
TOTAL | 2.68 | 1.90 | 5.93 | 2.77 | 2.22 | <0.001 ** | ||
Macrolides | Azythromycin po | J01FA10 | 1.27 | 1.18 | 2.73 | 2.81 | 2.15 | 0.007 ** |
Azithromycin pe | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 5.27 | 0.332 ** | ||
Eryithromycin | J01FA01 | 0.34 | 0.40 | 0.19 | 0.13 | 0.57 | 0.042 ** | |
Clarithromycin po | J01FA09 | 0.49 | 0.64 | 0.40 | 0.41 | 0.82 | 0.092 ** | |
Clarithromycinepo | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 4.71 | 0.821 ** | ||
Roxithromycine | J01FA06 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.44 | 0.623 ** | |
TOTAL | 2.14 | 2.22 | 3.40 | 3.44 | 1.59 | 0.001 ** | ||
Quinolones | Ciprofloxacin po | J01MA02 | 1.43 | 0.89 | 1.29 | 0.74 | 0.90 | 0.192 ** |
Ciprofloxacin pe | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 1.58 | 0.581 ** | ||
Levofloxacin | J01MA12 | 0.32 | 0.22 | 0.65 | 0.29 | 2.02 | 0.098 ** | |
Moxifloxacin | J01MA14 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 2.07 | 0.299 ** | |
Moxifloxacin pe | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 3.07 | 0.760 * | ||
Norfloxacin | J01MA06 | 0.19 | 1.41 | 0.17 | 1.33 | 0.88 | 0.812 ** | |
TOTAL | 2.00 | 2.55 | 2.22 | 2.46 | 1.11 | 0.449 ** | ||
Tetracyclines | Doxycycline | J01AA02 | 1.15 | 0.58 | 1.13 | 1.04 | 0.98 | 0.771 ** |
TMS | J01EE01 | 1.04 | 0.96 | 0.86 | 0.49 | 0.83 | 0.192 ** | |
Lincomycin po | J01FF02 | 0.05 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.53 | 0.792 ** | |
Lincomycin pe | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.58 | 0.891 ** | ||
Clindamycin po | J01FF01 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.17 | 1.08 | 0.992 ** | |
Clindamycin pe | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 1.45 | 0.875 ** | ||
Gentamicin | J01GB03 | 0.04 | 1.13 | 0.03 | 1.15 | 0.79 | 0.569 ** | |
Nitrufurantoin | J01XE01 | 0.15 | 1.23 | 0.23 | 2.00 | 1.50 | 0.772 ** | |
Metronidazol po | J01XD01 | 0.01 | 1.15 | 0.03 | 1.45 | 3.84 | 0.780 ** | |
Metronidazol pe | 0.40 | 3.18 | 0.32 | 0.19 | 0.78 | 0.298 ** | ||
TOTAL | 1.74 | 0.34 | 1.55 | 0.28 | 0.89 | 0.662 ** |
Region of the Republic of Srpska | Groups of Antibiotics | DDD/TID | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2020 | |||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
Prijedor | Penicillins | 33.65 | 13.78 | 37.99 | 9.93 | 0.291 * |
Cephalosporins | 5.97 | 1.72 | 7.06 | 1.87 | 0.039 * | |
Macrolides | 6.78 | 1.44 | 10.80 | 3.45 | 0.002 * | |
Quinolones | 6.95 | 1.58 | 7.28 | 1.49 | 0.078 ** | |
Tetracyclines | 2.01 | 0.92 | 3.05 | 1.45 | 0.219 ** | |
Others | 7.69 | 0.98 | 4.36 | 0.49 | 0.001 ** | |
Banja Luka | Penicillins | 8.64 | 2.15 | 30.84 | 10.13 | <0.001 * |
Cephalosporins | 2.02 | 0.43 | 9.21 | 4.08 | 0.003 * | |
Macrolides | 1.95 | 0.48 | 2.86 | 0.91 | 0.023 * | |
Quinolones | 1.75 | 0.39 | 1.97 | 0.36 | 0.562 ** | |
Tetracyclines | 1.19 | 1.01 | 0.93 | 0.62 | 0.491 ** | |
Others | 4.80 | 0.64 | 4.06 | 0.55 | 0.319 ** | |
Doboj | Penicillins | 7.19 | 1.70 | 6.38 | 1.54 | 0.078 * |
Cephalosporins | 1.38 | 0.27 | 1.63 | 0.30 | 0.639 * | |
Macrolides | 1.07 | 0.26 | 1.41 | 0.46 | 0.048 * | |
Quinolones | 1.07 | 0.22 | 1.04 | 0.19 | 0.344 ** | |
Tetracyclines | 0.64 | 0.21 | 0.40 | 0.33 | 0.827 ** | |
Others | 2.40 | 0.34 | 2.67 | 0.40 | 0.182 ** | |
Bijeljina | Penicillins | 6.76 | 1.66 | 10.73 | 2.75 | 0.056 * |
Cephalosporins | 0.17 | 0.42 | 1.82 | 2.22 | 0.872 * | |
Macrolides | 1.44 | 0.28 | 2.32 | 0.73 | 0.009 * | |
Quinolones | 1.41 | 0.33 | 1.73 | 0.38 | 0.412 ** | |
Tetracyclines | 1.42 | 0.90 | 1.22 | 0,88 | 0.806 ** | |
Others | 5.73 | 1.30 | 6.32 | 1.48 | 0.002 ** | |
East Sarajevo | Penicillins | 5.79 | 1.05 | 8.64 | 2.32 | 0.276 * |
Cephalosporins | 5.22 | 1.46 | 3.74 | 0.67 | 0.491 * | |
Macrolides | 1.25 | 0.23 | 2.80 | 0.78 | 0.045 * | |
Quinolones | 0.94 | 0.19 | 1.13 | 0.20 | 0.464 ** | |
Tetracyclines | 0.52 | 0.14 | 0.69 | 0.51 | 0.374 ** | |
Others | 7.50 | 1.22 | 5.62 | 1.14 | 0.091 ** | |
Trebinje | Penicillins | 5.61 | 0.99 | 8.29 | 2.22 | 0.322 * |
Cephalosporins | 3.21 | 0.64 | 6.79 | 2.22 | 0.079 * | |
Macrolides | 1.29 | 0.29 | 3.09 | 1.09 | 0.005 * | |
Quinolones | 0.64 | 0.17 | 0.88 | 0.20 | 0.093 ** | |
Tetracyclines | 0.68 | 0.48 | 0.89 | 0.52 | 0.081 ** | |
Others | 12.03 | 2.61 | 3.55 | 0.54 | 0.004 ** |
Region of the Republic of Srpska | Incidence Rate | Mortality Rate |
---|---|---|
Prijedor | 1467.80 | 145.39 |
Banja Luka | 4248.47 | 183.45 |
Doboj | 1947.16 | 159.90 |
Bijeljina | 3019.22 | 109.39 |
Istočno Sarajevo | 3763.21 | 160.90 |
Trebinje | 4318.14 | 171.51 |
Consumption of Antibiotics in Regions in the Republic of Srpska | Incidence Rate r (p) | Mortality Rate r (p) |
---|---|---|
Consumption of antibiotics (DDD/TID) in 2020 | 0.992 (<0.001) | −0.998 (<0.001) |
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Sokolović, D.; Drakul, D.; Joksimović, B.; Lalović, N.; Avram, N.; Milić, M.; Nogo-Živanović, D.; Mijović, B. Consumption of Antibiotics in Primary Care Setting before and during COVID-19 Pandemic in Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Antibiotics 2022, 11, 1319. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11101319
Sokolović D, Drakul D, Joksimović B, Lalović N, Avram N, Milić M, Nogo-Živanović D, Mijović B. Consumption of Antibiotics in Primary Care Setting before and during COVID-19 Pandemic in Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Antibiotics. 2022; 11(10):1319. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11101319
Chicago/Turabian StyleSokolović, Dragana, Dragana Drakul, Bojan Joksimović, Nenad Lalović, Nada Avram, Marija Milić, Dajana Nogo-Živanović, and Biljana Mijović. 2022. "Consumption of Antibiotics in Primary Care Setting before and during COVID-19 Pandemic in Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina" Antibiotics 11, no. 10: 1319. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11101319