A High-Throughput Metabolic Microarray Assay Reveals Antibacterial Effects of Black and Red Raspberries and Blackberries against Helicobacter pylori Infection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Analysis of Powders and Extracts of Black and Red Raspberries and Blackberries for Anthocyanin Content and Composition
2.2. Development and Validation of a High-Throughput Assay to Measure H. pylori Growth
2.3. Analysis of the Antibacterial Effects of Black and Red Raspberry and Blackberry Powders and Extracts on H. pylori
2.4. Effect of BRB Extract on Gastric Epithelial Cell Viability in a Human Gastric Organoid Model
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Berry Powders and Preparation of Extracts
4.2. Analysis of Anthocyanin Content
4.3. Helicobacter pylori Strains and Culture Conditions
4.4. High-Throughput Helicobacter pylori Growth Assay
4.5. Data Analysis for Bacterial Growth Assays
4.6. Human Gastric Organoid Culture and Viability Assay
4.7. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Source | Country of Origin | Material Type | HPLC–MS * | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Berry Powder TAC (mg/100 g) | Extract TAC (mg/100 g) * | ||||
VE-BRB | VirginExtracts, Foods Super, Bradford, PA, USA | Unknown | Freeze-dried powder | 2945 | 2885 |
BH-BRB | BerriHealth, Berri Products LLC, Corbett, OR, USA | USA | Freeze-dried powder | 11,455 | 11,109 |
UMN-BRB | Dr. S. Hecht, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA | USA | Ethanol extract | N/A | 4540 |
USA-RRB | Great Value. Wal-Mart Stores Inc. Bentonville, AR, USA | USA | Whole frozen berries | 5424 | 554 |
CH-RRB | Cascadian Farms, Small Planet Foods, Inc., Sedro-Woolley, WA, USA | Chile | Whole frozen berries | 3027 | 336 |
VE-BB | VirginExtracts, Foods Super, Bradford, PA, USA | Unknown | Freeze-dried powder | 6175 | 3465 |
MX-BB | Western Family Foods, Inc., Portland, OR, USA | Mexico | Whole frozen berries | 6924 | 748 |
CH-BB | Cascadian Farms, Small Planet Foods, Inc., Sedro-Woolley, WA, USA | Chile | Whole frozen berries | 7312 | 847 |
Sample | HPLC–MS * (mg/100 g) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside | Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside | Cyanidin-3-O-xylosylrutinoside | ||
VE-BRB | Powder | 1593 | 7025 | 1352 |
Extract | 1537 | No data | 1348 | |
BH-BRB | Powder | 2490 | 7356 | 1609 |
Extract | 2487 | 7025 | 1597 | |
UMN-BRB | Powder | No data | No data | No data |
Extract | 440 | 4100 | 2420 | |
USA-RRB | Powder | 1999 | 1993 | 1432 |
Extract | 355 | 98 | 101 | |
CH-RRB | Powder | 1678 | No data | 1349 |
Extract | 267 | 43 | 26 | |
VE-BB | Powder | 2806 | 2010 | 1359 |
Extract | 2113 | No data | 1352 | |
MX-BB | Powder | 3499 | 2076 | 1349 |
Extract | 564 | 121 | 63 | |
CH-BB | Powder | 3995 | 1966 | 1351 |
Extract | 748 | 60 | 39 |
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Goodman, C.; Lyon, K.N.; Scotto, A.; Smith, C.; Sebrell, T.A.; Gentry, A.B.; Bala, G.; Stoner, G.D.; Bimczok, D. A High-Throughput Metabolic Microarray Assay Reveals Antibacterial Effects of Black and Red Raspberries and Blackberries against Helicobacter pylori Infection. Antibiotics 2021, 10, 845. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10070845
Goodman C, Lyon KN, Scotto A, Smith C, Sebrell TA, Gentry AB, Bala G, Stoner GD, Bimczok D. A High-Throughput Metabolic Microarray Assay Reveals Antibacterial Effects of Black and Red Raspberries and Blackberries against Helicobacter pylori Infection. Antibiotics. 2021; 10(7):845. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10070845
Chicago/Turabian StyleGoodman, Candace, Katrina N. Lyon, Aitana Scotto, Cyra Smith, Thomas A. Sebrell, Andrew B. Gentry, Ganesh Bala, Gary D. Stoner, and Diane Bimczok. 2021. "A High-Throughput Metabolic Microarray Assay Reveals Antibacterial Effects of Black and Red Raspberries and Blackberries against Helicobacter pylori Infection" Antibiotics 10, no. 7: 845. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10070845