Complementary Medicine and Self-Care Strategies in Women with (Recurrent) Urinary Tract and Vaginal Infections: A Cross-Sectional Study on Use and Perceived Effectiveness in The Netherlands
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Method
3. Statistical Analyses
4. Results
4.1. Incidence, Consultation, and Treatment of UTI and VI
4.2. Use and Perceived Effectiveness of CM and Self-Care Strategies
4.3. Interference with Daily Life
5. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Study Population n = 162 | |
---|---|
n (%) | |
Age categories | |
18 to 30 | 8 (4.9) |
30 to 50 | 44 (27.2) |
50 to 65 | 59 (36.4) |
65+ | 29 (17.9) |
Not known * | 22 (13.6) |
Region (The Netherlands) | |
Northern regions | 48 (29.6) |
Central regions | 70 (43.2) |
Southern regions | 44 (27.2) |
Education ** | |
Lower education | 2 (1.2) |
Secondary education | 75 (46.3) |
Higher education | 85 (52.5) |
History of vaginal infections (VI) | 80 (49.4) |
Use of CM | 50 (30.9) |
Consultation CM practitioner (multiple answers allowed) | |
(Classical) Homeopath | 19 (11.7) |
Acupuncturist | 17 (10.5) |
Herbal physician (Western/Eastern) | 14 (8.6) |
General practitioner (GP) with anthroposophic vision *** | 6 (3.7) |
Traditional Chinese physician | 6 (3.7) |
Anthroposophical therapist | 5 (3.1) |
General practitioner (GP) with homeopathic vision | 3 (1.9) |
Other | 14 (8.6) |
UTI | VI | |
---|---|---|
n * (%) | n * (%) | |
n = 135 | n = 78 | |
UTI/VI in the past 2 years | 102 (75.5) | 44 (56.4) |
Recurrent UTI ** | 66 (48.8) | |
Treated for a UTI/VI in the past 2 years | n = 134 | n = 78 |
No treatment | 47 (35.1) | 35 (44.9) |
1 time | 29 (21.6) | 18 (23.1) |
2 times | 23 (17.2) | 11 (14.1) |
3 or more times | 33 (24.6) | 13 (16.7) |
Unknown | 2 (1.5) | 1 (1.3) |
Consultation for UWI/VI (multiple answers allowed): | n= 162 | n= 80 |
No | 57 (35.2) | 38 (47.5) |
(Classical) Homeopath | 29 (17.9) | 12 (15.0) |
Acupuncturist | 14 (8.6) | 7 (8.8) |
Herbal physician (Western/Eastern) | 11 (6.8) | 6 (7.5) |
Regular GP (with anthroposophic vision ***) | 6 (3.7) | 3 (3.8) |
Regular GP (with homeopathic vision) | 5 (3.1) | 5 (6.3) |
Anthroposophical therapist | 5 (3.1) | 1 (1.3) |
Traditional Chinese physician | 4 (2.5) | 2 (2.5) |
n= 131 | n= 70 | |
Self-treatment of UTI/VI before or after consulting a health professional | 107 (81.7) | 48 (68.6) |
Advice on CM/Selfcare for UTI/ VI via (multiple answers allowed): | n= 162 | n= 80 |
Internet | 68 (42.0) | 42 (52.5) |
GP/treating physician | 34 (21.0) | 26 (32.5) |
Friends/family | 30 (18.5) | 10 (12.5) |
Social media (blogs, vlogs, Instagram, Facebook) | 25 (15.4) | 10 (12.5) |
Patient associations/fora | 10 (6.2) | 4 (5.0) |
Other: | 50 (30.9) | 20 (25.0) |
-Homeopath | 19 (11.7) | 4 (5) |
-Health shops | 7 (4.3) | |
-Orthomolecular medicine | 7 (4.3) | 3 (3.8) |
-Own knowledge (through experience) | 3 (3.8) |
UTI | VI | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | No Effect | Neutral | Effective | n | No Effect | Neutral | Effective | |
Cranberry juice/cranberry’s | 84 | 20 (23.8) | 44 (52.4) | 20 (23.8) | ^ | |||
Vitamin C | 71 | 21 (29.6) | 32 (45.1) | 18 (25.4) | ^ | |||
D-mannose | 53 | 13 (24.5) | 17 (32.1) | 23 (43.4) | ^ | |||
Probiotics | 49 | 12 (24.5) | 27 (55.1) | 10 (20.4) | 29 | 9 (31.0) | 15 (51.7) | 5 (17.2) |
Homeopathic remedies | 41 | 5 (12.2) | 15 (36.6) | 21 (51.2) | 11 | 5 (45.5) | 6 (54.5) | |
Paracetamol/ibuprofen/other painkillers | 30 | 8 (26.7) | 15 (50.0) | 7 (23.3) | ||||
Acupuncture | 11 | 2 (18.2) | 6 (54.5) | 3 (27.3) | 4 | 1 (25.0) | 3 (75.0) | |
Chinese/Eastern herbal medicine | 5 | 1 (20.0) | 2 (40.0) | 2 (40.0) | 5 | 1 (20.0) | 2 (40.0) | 2 (40.0) |
Western herbal medicine | 5 | 1 (20.0) | 3 (60.0) | 1 (20.0) | 1 | 1 (100) | ||
Anthroposophical remedies * | 2 | 2 (100) | 1 | 1 (100) | ||||
Antimycotic cream | ^ | 31 | 6 (19.4) | 11 (35.5) | 14 (45.2) | |||
Vaginal shower | ^ | 15 | 4 (26.7) | 11 (73.3) | ||||
Yogurt | ^ | 7 | 2 (28.6) | 3 (42.9) | 2 (28.6) | |||
Tea tree oil | ^ | 6 | 2 (33.3) | 4 (66.7) | ||||
Honey/honey-containing ointment | ^ | 2 | 2 (100) |
UTI | VI | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Never | Sometimes | Often | Never | Sometimes | Often | |||
Impact on activities (multiple answers allowed): | n * | n (%) | n | n (%) | ||||
Public/social activities | 101 | 14 (13.9) | 63 (62.4) | 24 (23.8) | 60 | 20 (33.3) | 32 (53.3) | 8 (13.3) |
Going outside | 100 | 18 (18.0) | 53 (53.0) | 30 (29.0) | 58 | 32 (55.2) | 19 (32.8) | 7 (12.1) |
Sleep | 99 | 17 (17.2) | 63 (63.6) | 19 (19.2) | 60 | 19 (31.7) | 30 (50.0) | 11 (18.3) |
To be in the mood for activities | 97 | 19 (19.6) | 52 (53.6) | 26 (26.3) | 59 | 19 (32.2) | 31 (52.5) | 9 (15.3) |
Sports | 94 | 20 (21.3) | 51 (54.3) | 23 (24.5) | 59 | 21 (35.6) | 31 (52.5) | 7 (11.9) |
Sexual activities | 93 | 18 (19.4) | 36 (38.7) | 39 (41.9) | 58 | 6 (10.3) | 32 (55.2) | 20 (34.5) |
Work | 92 | 21 (23.1) | 49 (53.3) | 22 (23.9) | 59 | 24 (40.7) | 26 (44.1) | 9 (15.3) |
Cycling | ^ | 57 | 14 (24.6) | 29 (50.9) | 14 (24.6) | |||
Impact on feelings (multiple answers allowed): | n | n(%) | n | n(%) | ||||
sad/negative | 102 | 31 (30.4) | 55 (53.9) | 16 (15.7) | 59 | 27 (45.8) | 22 (37.3) | 10 (16.9) |
less confident | 101 | 37 (36.6) | 47 (46.5) | 17 (16.8) | 58 | 21 (36.2) | 24 (41.4) | 13 (22.4) |
“Why me” | 100 | 49 (49.0) | 39 (39.0) | 12 (12.0) | 58 | 31 (53.4) | 19 (32.8) | 8 (13.8) |
Annoyance | 101 | 16 (15.8) | 51 (50.5) | 34 (33.7) | 60 | 8 (13.3) | 33 (55.0) | 19 (31.7) |
Dirty/smell like urine | 97 | 49 (50.5) | 38 (39.2) | 10 (10.3) | 58 | 17 (29.3) | 27 (46.6) | 14 (24.1) |
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Witteman, L.; van Wietmarschen, H.A.; van der Werf, E.T. Complementary Medicine and Self-Care Strategies in Women with (Recurrent) Urinary Tract and Vaginal Infections: A Cross-Sectional Study on Use and Perceived Effectiveness in The Netherlands. Antibiotics 2021, 10, 250. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10030250
Witteman L, van Wietmarschen HA, van der Werf ET. Complementary Medicine and Self-Care Strategies in Women with (Recurrent) Urinary Tract and Vaginal Infections: A Cross-Sectional Study on Use and Perceived Effectiveness in The Netherlands. Antibiotics. 2021; 10(3):250. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10030250
Chicago/Turabian StyleWitteman, Louise, Herman A. van Wietmarschen, and Esther T. van der Werf. 2021. "Complementary Medicine and Self-Care Strategies in Women with (Recurrent) Urinary Tract and Vaginal Infections: A Cross-Sectional Study on Use and Perceived Effectiveness in The Netherlands" Antibiotics 10, no. 3: 250. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10030250
APA StyleWitteman, L., van Wietmarschen, H. A., & van der Werf, E. T. (2021). Complementary Medicine and Self-Care Strategies in Women with (Recurrent) Urinary Tract and Vaginal Infections: A Cross-Sectional Study on Use and Perceived Effectiveness in The Netherlands. Antibiotics, 10(3), 250. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10030250