Application of Various Optical and Electrochemical Nanobiosensors for Detecting Cancer Antigen 125 (CA-125): A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Optical Biosensing of CA-125
2.1. Fluorescence-Based Biosensors
Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)-Based Biosensors
2.2. Chemiluminescence-Based Biosensor
2.3. Electrochemiluminescence-Based Biosensors
2.4. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)-Based Biosensor
2.5. Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)-Based Biosensor
2.6. Colorimetric Biosensor
2.7. Brief Overview of Optical CA-125 Biosensors
3. Electrochemical Biosensors
3.1. Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy-Based CA-125
3.2. Voltammetry-Based CA-125
3.3. PEC Electrochemical CA-125
3.4. Other Electrochemical CA-125
3.5. Brief Overview of Electrochemical CA-125
4. Comparison of the Performance of CA-125
Principle | Benefits | Drawbacks | References |
---|---|---|---|
Optical biosensors |
|
| [18,115,116] |
Electrochemical biosensors |
|
| [10,117,118] |
5. Comparison of CA-125 Commercial Detection Kits
6. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Method | Nanoplatform | Limit of Detection (LOD) | Linear Range | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fluorescent | Agarose nano-net | 1.0 U/mL | 0.05–1.45 U/mL | [36] |
Ag NPs | 0.0018 U/mL | 0.01–80 U/mL | [37] | |
Ag NCs/GO or Ag/Au NCs/GO | 1.26 ng/mL | 2 ng/mL–6.7 µg/mL | [38] | |
SPN/MIP or CNT/MIP | 0.49 U/mL | 3.12–150 U/mL | [39] | |
rGO | 50 mU/mL | 50–2000 mU/mL | [40] | |
3D CNT | 10 pg/mL | 10 pg/mL–1 μg/mL | [41] | |
Magnetic NPs | 0.26 U/mL | 0–500 U/Ml | [39] | |
NA | 4 μg/mL | 4–250 μg/mL | [40] | |
Magnetic graphene oxide (GO/Fe3O4) | 50 mU/mL | 0.0005–40 U/mL | [41] | |
Combination of NaYF4: Yb, Tm, and Ag NPs | 120 U/mL | 5–100 U/mL | [42] | |
Ag NCs | 0.015 U/mL | 0.01–2 U/mL | [43] | |
Au doped sol–gel matrix | 1.45 U/mL | 2–127 U/mL | [44] | |
FRET | PAMAM-dendrimer/Au NPs | 0.5 fg/mL | 1 fg/mL–1 ng/mL | [45] |
CuO NPs | 3 × 10−4 ng/mL | 2 × 10−4 ng/mL–100 U/mL | [46] | |
CQDs | 0.66 U/mL | 0.01–129 U/mL | [47] | |
Photoluminescent | Ag2S QDs | 0.07 ng/mL | 0.1–106 ng/mL | [48] |
CL | Graphene QDs | 0.05 U/mL | 0.1–600 U/mL | [49] |
SiO2 NPs | 0.17 U/mL | 0.5–400 U/mL | [50] | |
NA | 0.15 U/mL | 0.50–80 U/mL | [51] | |
MPs | 2 U/mL | 0–400 U/mL | [52] | |
ECL | Ru-Au NPs/GR | 0.005 U/mL | 0.01–100 U/mL | [53] |
Cd/Se NCs | 5 × 10−5 U/mL | 10−4–1 U/mL | [54] | |
Dendrimer-sulfanilic acid-Ru(bpy)32+ and Dendrimer-CdTe@CdS nanocomposite | 1.1 µU/mL | 1 µU/mL–1 U/mL | [55] | |
CdTe/CdS QDs | 0.034 mU/mL | 0.0001 U/mL–10 U/mL | [56] | |
AgInS2/ZnS nanocrystals | 1 × 10−6 U/mL | 5 × 10−6–5 × 10−3 U/mL | [57] | |
Au NPs | 0.0074 U/mL | 0.01–100 U/mL | [58] | |
Amino-functionalized mesoporous silica NPs | 4.3 mU/mL | 0.01–50 U/mL | [59] | |
Fe3O4 | 8.0 μU/mL | 0–10 mU/mL | [60] | |
Au-Ag nanocomposite-functionalized graphene | 2.5 mU/mL | 0.008–50 U/mL | [61] | |
Fe3O4 | 0.4 mU/mL | 0.001–5 U/mL | [62] | |
Fe3O4 | 0.032 μU/mL | 0.2–100 μU/mL | [63] | |
SPR | Au NPs | 5 nM | 0.25–9.0 μg/mL | [64] |
Au NPs | 0.66 U/mL | 2.2–150 U/mL | [65] | |
Au-SPE film | 0.1 U/mL | 0.1–300 U/mL | [66] | |
Au NPs | 0.1 U/mL | 0.1–40 U/mL | [67] | |
Au/ZnO nanocomposite | 0.025 U/mL | 1–40 U/mL | [68] | |
SERS | Au NPs | NA | NA | [69] |
Ag NPs | NA | NA | [70] | |
Plasmon Resonance Scattering (PRS) | Au nanorods | 0.4 U/mL | 1–80 U/mL | [71] |
Colorimetric | Ag/Au NPs | 30 U/mL | 0–1000 U/mL | [72] |
Hollow polydopamine-Au and Fe3O4 NPs | 0.1 U/mL | 0.1–100 U/mL | [73] |
Electrode Material | Coating Material | Advantages | Disadvantages | Features | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GCE | AuNPs | High sensitivity, low cost, short test time | Narrow linear range, detects lower-than-average biomarker values (35 U/mL) | Stabilizer: cellulose acetate membrane, cysteamine (CysA) sulfur-containing biomolecule | [97] |
GCE | (Silver nanoparticles) Ag NPs | High electrical conductivity and biocompatibility, and low toxicity. Optical and thermal attributes, support for electrocatalytic activity | Aggregation of Ag with solvent evaporation causes gaps and leads to low conductivity | [97] | |
GCE | * Ag NPs with graphene quantum dot (Ag-DPA-GQDs ink) | Measures different concentrations of CA-125 biomarker | Conductivity: 290 mS [86] The linear range is 0.01–400. Descriptions: Ag-DPA-GQDs nano-ink deposition on GCE electrode | [97,98] | |
GCE | Antimonene quantum dots (AMQDs) | Reduces the cost of analysis | LOD is 4.4 μM. | Catalase for H2O2 reduction is immobilized on AMQDs for cyclic voltammetry and amperometry detection. | [99] |
GCE | Nafion + MPBB antibody | Detects at low concentration, detects OC early and can be used to screen at-risk individuals. | The linear range is 5–50 ng/mL and 100–500 ng/mL | [100] | |
Three-dimensional gold electrode(Au/GNS/Ab-modified electrode) | Silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) | Linked to the immunosensor CA-125, improved electrochemical performance. | The linear range is 1 fg/mL–1 μg/mL | [100,103] | |
GCE | Zinc oxide (ZnO)-based NP | High repeatability, specificity, and durability | Acceptable stability | Linear range is 2.5 ng/μL–1 ng/μL | [100] |
Graphene-polyaniline-based | Improves early-stage diagnosis | The linear range is 0.92 pg/L to 15.20 ng/L. | [100] | ||
GCE | MOF-808/CNT | Biocompatible surface, high stability, electrochemically enhanced | The linear range is 0.001–30 ng/mL | [104] | |
Biotin-modified carbon paste electrodes | Au NPs | Stability, biological adaptability | Narrow linear range Detects lower-than-average biomarker levels (35 U/mL) | [97] |
Electrochemical Detection Methodology | Assay Strategy |
---|---|
Amperometric [98] | Nanostructured colloidal gold immunosensor Immunosensor based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes Tagging technique for redox probes Biosensor with a molecular imprint Magnetic bead immunosensor Immunosensor nanoparticle |
A field-effect transistor (FET) [98] | Nanotube-based immunosensor Label-free immunosensor |
Potentiometric [98] | Immunosensor-arrayed microfluidic device Magnetic bead immunosensor |
Commercial CA-125 Kits | Assay Sensitivity | Assay Range | Sample Type | Assay Time (h) |
---|---|---|---|---|
LifeSpan | - | 1.563–100 U/mL | Plasma, serum | 3.5 |
RayBiotech | 0.6 U/mL | 0.6–400 U/mL | Cell culture supernatants, plasma, serum | - |
Aviva Systems | 6.5 pg/mL | 15.6–1000 pg/mL | Serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, and other biological fluids | 3 |
Wuhan Fine | 1.875 IU/mL | 3.125–200 IU/mL | Serum, plasma, and other biological fluids | - |
(DEMEDITEC Diagnostics GmbH) | 0.25 U/mL | 25–600 U/mL | Serum, plasma | 1 h and 15 min |
(Thermo Fisher Scientific) | - | 0.55–400 U/mL | Plasma, 50 µL; serum, 50 µL; supernatant, 100 µL | 4 h and 45 min |
Novus Biologicals | 3.8 U/mL | 3.8 U/mL | Serum, plasma | - |
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Pourmadadi, M.; Moammeri, A.; Shamsabadipour, A.; Moghaddam, Y.F.; Rahdar, A.; Pandey, S. Application of Various Optical and Electrochemical Nanobiosensors for Detecting Cancer Antigen 125 (CA-125): A Review. Biosensors 2023, 13, 99. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13010099
Pourmadadi M, Moammeri A, Shamsabadipour A, Moghaddam YF, Rahdar A, Pandey S. Application of Various Optical and Electrochemical Nanobiosensors for Detecting Cancer Antigen 125 (CA-125): A Review. Biosensors. 2023; 13(1):99. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13010099
Chicago/Turabian StylePourmadadi, Mehrab, Ali Moammeri, Amin Shamsabadipour, Yasamin Farahanian Moghaddam, Abbas Rahdar, and Sadanand Pandey. 2023. "Application of Various Optical and Electrochemical Nanobiosensors for Detecting Cancer Antigen 125 (CA-125): A Review" Biosensors 13, no. 1: 99. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13010099