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Volume 12
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Article

Integration of Multiple Interferometers in Highly Multiplexed Diagnostic KITs to Evaluate Several Biomarkers of COVID-19 in Serum

by
Ana María M. Murillo
1,2,3,†,
Luis G. Valle
1,2,4,†,
Yolanda Ramírez
1,2,3,
María Jesús Sánchez
4,
Beatriz Santamaría
1,2,5,
E. Molina-Roldan
2,
Isabel Ortega-Madueño
2,
Elena Urcelay
2,
Luca Tramarin
1,2,4,
Pedro Herreros
1,2,4,
Araceli Díaz-Perales
6,
María Garrido-Arandia
6,
Jaime Tome-Amat
6,
Guadalupe Hernández-Ramírez
6,
Rocío L. Espinosa
1,2,4,
María F. Laguna
1,2,4 and
Miguel Holgado
1,2,4,*
1
Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la UPM, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
2
Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC. C/Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, 4ª Planta Sur, 28040 Madrid, Spain
3
BioOptical Detection S.L., Centro de Empresas, Campus Montegancedo, 28223 Madrid, Spain
4
Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
5
Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería y Diseño Industrial, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ronda de Valencia 3, 28012 Madrid, Spain
6
Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la UPM, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Biosensors 2022, 12(9), 671; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12090671
Submission received: 22 July 2022 / Revised: 16 August 2022 / Accepted: 20 August 2022 / Published: 23 August 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 Biosensing Technology)
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Abstract

In the present work, highly multiplexed diagnostic KITs based on an Interferometric Optical Detection Method (IODM) were developed to evaluate six Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related biomarkers. These biomarkers of COVID-19 were evaluated in 74 serum samples from severe, moderate, and mild patients with positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR), collected at the end of March 2020 in the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, in Madrid (Spain). The developed multiplexed diagnostic KITs were biofunctionalized to simultaneously measure different types of specific biomarkers involved in COVID-19. Thus, the serum samples were investigated by measuring the total specific Immunoglobulins (sIgT), specific Immunoglobulins G (sIgG), specific Immunoglobulins M (sIgM), specific Immunoglobulins A (sIgA), all of them against SARS-CoV-2, together with two biomarkers involved in inflammatory disorders, Ferritin (FER) and C Reactive Protein (CRP). To assess the results, a Multiple Linear Regression Model (MLRM) was carried out to study the influence of IgGs, IgMs, IgAs, FER, and CRP against the total sIgTs in these serum samples with a goodness of fit of 73.01% (Adjusted R-Squared).
Keywords: COVID-19 biomarkers; SARS-CoV-2; serum; immunoglobulin; ferritin; interferometric optical detection method COVID-19 biomarkers; SARS-CoV-2; serum; immunoglobulin; ferritin; interferometric optical detection method

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Murillo, A.M.M.; Valle, L.G.; Ramírez, Y.; Sánchez, M.J.; Santamaría, B.; Molina-Roldan, E.; Ortega-Madueño, I.; Urcelay, E.; Tramarin, L.; Herreros, P.; et al. Integration of Multiple Interferometers in Highly Multiplexed Diagnostic KITs to Evaluate Several Biomarkers of COVID-19 in Serum. Biosensors 2022, 12, 671. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12090671

AMA Style

Murillo AMM, Valle LG, Ramírez Y, Sánchez MJ, Santamaría B, Molina-Roldan E, Ortega-Madueño I, Urcelay E, Tramarin L, Herreros P, et al. Integration of Multiple Interferometers in Highly Multiplexed Diagnostic KITs to Evaluate Several Biomarkers of COVID-19 in Serum. Biosensors. 2022; 12(9):671. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12090671

Chicago/Turabian Style

Murillo, Ana María M., Luis G. Valle, Yolanda Ramírez, María Jesús Sánchez, Beatriz Santamaría, E. Molina-Roldan, Isabel Ortega-Madueño, Elena Urcelay, Luca Tramarin, Pedro Herreros, and et al. 2022. "Integration of Multiple Interferometers in Highly Multiplexed Diagnostic KITs to Evaluate Several Biomarkers of COVID-19 in Serum" Biosensors 12, no. 9: 671. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12090671

APA Style

Murillo, A. M. M., Valle, L. G., Ramírez, Y., Sánchez, M. J., Santamaría, B., Molina-Roldan, E., Ortega-Madueño, I., Urcelay, E., Tramarin, L., Herreros, P., Díaz-Perales, A., Garrido-Arandia, M., Tome-Amat, J., Hernández-Ramírez, G., Espinosa, R. L., Laguna, M. F., & Holgado, M. (2022). Integration of Multiple Interferometers in Highly Multiplexed Diagnostic KITs to Evaluate Several Biomarkers of COVID-19 in Serum. Biosensors, 12(9), 671. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12090671

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