Effect of Electrolyte Concentration on Cell Sensing by Measuring Ionic Current Waveform through Micropores
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cell Cultures and Sample Preparation for Measuring Ionic Current
2.2. Fabrication of Microfluidic Cell Sensing Chips
2.3. Cell Size Measurement by Using Optical Microscope
2.4. Determination of Decision Boundary and Discrimination Error
2.5. Ionic Current Measurements
2.6. Resistive Pulse Analyses and Cell Discrimination
2.7. Zeta Potential Measurements
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Cell Size Examination by Light Microscopy
3.2. Ionic Current Measurement of Cells
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Discrimination Based on the Cell Size by a Microscopic Examination | ||||||
Actual Classification | Predicted Classification | |||||
1.0 × PBS | 0.5 × PBS | |||||
Cancer Cells | Leukocytes | ER (%) | Cancer Cells | Leukocytes | ER (%) | |
Cancer cells | 71 (TP) | 29 (FN) | 17.5 | 90 (TP) | 10 (FN) | 8.5 |
Leukocytes | 6 (FP) | 94 (TN) | 7 (FP) | 93 (TN) | ||
Confidence interval of error rate (ER) | 95% CI, 12.5–23.5 | 95% CI, 5.0–13.3 | ||||
Discrimination Based on Ip, or td Acquired by RPM | ||||||
Actual Classification | Predicted Classification by Ip | |||||
1.0 × PBS | 0.5 × PBS | |||||
Cancer Cells | Leukocytes | ER (%) | Cancer Cells | Leukocytes | ER (%) | |
Cancer cells Leukocytes | 163 34 | 87 216 | 24.2 | 237 12 | 13 238 | 5.0 |
Cancer cells Leukocytes | 140 23 | 110 227 | 26.6 | 230 7 | 20 243 | 5.4 |
Cancer cells Leukocytes | 122 27 | 128 223 | 31.0 | 238 7 | 12 243 | 3.8 |
Discrimination ER (mean ± SD %, n = 3) | 27.3 ± 3.5 | 4.7 ± 0.8 ** | ||||
Actual Classification | Predicted Classification by td | |||||
Cancer cells Leukocytes | 109 86 | 141 164 | 45.4 | 231 11 | 19 239 | 6.0 |
Cancer cells Leukocytes | 96 70 | 154 180 | 44.8 | 224 9 | 26 241 | 7.0 |
Cancer cells Leukocytes | 184 160 | 66 90 | 45.2 | 230 15 | 20 235 | 7.0 |
Discrimination ER | 45.1 ± 0.3 | 6.7 ± 0.6 ** | ||||
Discrimination Based on Ip–td Acquired by RPM | ||||||
Actual Classification | Predicted Classification by Ip–td | |||||
1.0 × PBS | 0.5 × PBS | |||||
Cancer Cells | Leukocytes | ER (%) | Cancer Cells | Leukocytes | ER (%) | |
Cancer cells Leukocytes | 202 23 | 48 227 | 14.2 | 238 11 | 12 239 | 4.6 |
Cancer cells Leukocytes | 172 23 | 78 227 | 20.2 | 234 9 | 16 241 | 5.0 |
Cancer cells Leukocytes | 161 20 | 89 230 | 21.8 | 240 10 | 10 240 | 4.0 |
Discrimination ER | 18.7 ± 4.0 | 4.5 ± 0.5 ** |
Ip (nA) | td (ms) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Cancer Cell | Leukocytes | Cancer Cell | Leukocytes | |
1.0 × PBS | 58.7 ± 1.9 | 26.3 ± 1.6** | 145.2 ± 1.9 | 150.0 ± 1.4 * |
0.5 × PBS | 50.8 ± 1.6 | 12.0 ± 0.2** | 136.4 ± 3.8 | 40.7 ± 1.2 ** |
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Yokota, K.; Hashimoto, M.; Kajimoto, K.; Tanaka, M.; Murayama, S.; Tsutsui, M.; Nakajima, Y.; Taniguchi, M.; Kataoka, M. Effect of Electrolyte Concentration on Cell Sensing by Measuring Ionic Current Waveform through Micropores. Biosensors 2021, 11, 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11030078
Yokota K, Hashimoto M, Kajimoto K, Tanaka M, Murayama S, Tsutsui M, Nakajima Y, Taniguchi M, Kataoka M. Effect of Electrolyte Concentration on Cell Sensing by Measuring Ionic Current Waveform through Micropores. Biosensors. 2021; 11(3):78. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11030078
Chicago/Turabian StyleYokota, Kazumichi, Muneaki Hashimoto, Kazuaki Kajimoto, Masato Tanaka, Sanae Murayama, Makusu Tsutsui, Yoshihiro Nakajima, Masateru Taniguchi, and Masatoshi Kataoka. 2021. "Effect of Electrolyte Concentration on Cell Sensing by Measuring Ionic Current Waveform through Micropores" Biosensors 11, no. 3: 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11030078