Mixture Effects of Diesel Exhaust and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Human Lung A549 Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of the Particle Suspensions
2.2. Physico-Chemical Characterization of the Particle Suspensions
2.2.1. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
2.2.2. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
2.2.3. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES)
2.3. Cell Culture and Treatments
2.4. Biological Responses: Cytotoxicity Assays
2.4.1. Cell Viability: MTT Assay
2.4.2. Colony Forming Efficiency Assay
2.5. Quantification of Cytokine IL-8 Release
2.6. Morphological Analysis
2.6.1. Fluorescence Microscopy
2.6.2. Transmission Electron Microscopy
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of Nanoparticle (NP) Mixtures
3.2. Cytotoxic Effects
3.3. Cytostatic Effects
3.4. Pro-Inflammatory Effects
3.5. Cells Morphology
3.5.1. Electron Microscopy
3.5.2. Fluorescence Microscopy
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ZnO | DEP + ZnO | CuO | DEP + CuO | DEP (2975) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Milli-Q Z-average ± SE (nm) | 275.7 ± 9 | 179.7 ± 2 | 208.43 ± 2 | 217.07 ± 3 | 263.03 ± 3 |
PdI | 0.361 | 0.352 | 0.209 | 0.223 | 0.29 |
Opti-MEM 1% FBS Z-average ± SE (nm) | 314.38 ± 204 | 207.37 ± 7 | 464.67 ± 2 | 275.7 ± 3 | 320.8 ± 6 |
PdI | 0.63 | 0.52 | 0.35 | 0.22 | 0.21 |
Milli-Q Z-potential ± SE (mV) | 25 ± 0.13 | −19 ± 0.21 | 12 ± 0.6 | −18 ± 0.09 | −35 ± 0.52 |
ZnO | DEP + ZnO | CuO | DEP + CuO | |
---|---|---|---|---|
3 h ppm Zn | 9.36 ± 1.1 | 8.3 ± 0.3 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 |
3 h % Zn | 51.2% | 51.5% | 0% | 0% |
24 h ppm Zn | 11.1 ± 0.1 | 10.0 ± 0.1 | nd | nd |
24 h % Zn | 69.4% | 62.5% | 43.3% | 26.7% |
3 h ppm Cu | nd | nd | 2.4 ± 0.1 | 2.4 ± 0.1 |
3 h % Cu | 0% | 0% | 14.7% | 14.5% |
24 h ppm Cu | nd | nd | 7.1 ± 0.2 | 4.4 ± 0.2 |
24 h % Cu | 0% | 0% | 43.3% | 26.7% |
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Zerboni, A.; Bengalli, R.; Baeri, G.; Fiandra, L.; Catelani, T.; Mantecca, P. Mixture Effects of Diesel Exhaust and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Human Lung A549 Cells. Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 1302. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9091302
Zerboni A, Bengalli R, Baeri G, Fiandra L, Catelani T, Mantecca P. Mixture Effects of Diesel Exhaust and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Human Lung A549 Cells. Nanomaterials. 2019; 9(9):1302. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9091302
Chicago/Turabian StyleZerboni, Alessandra, Rossella Bengalli, Giulia Baeri, Luisa Fiandra, Tiziano Catelani, and Paride Mantecca. 2019. "Mixture Effects of Diesel Exhaust and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Human Lung A549 Cells" Nanomaterials 9, no. 9: 1302. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9091302