Boosting the Efficiency of Photoelectrolysis by the Addition of Non-Noble Plasmonic Metals: Al & Cu
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Plasmonic Effects
2.1. Optical Properties of Plasmonic Metal Nanoparticles
2.2. Surface Plasmon Polaritons at Dielectric/Plasmonic Metal Interfaces
3. Mechanisms of Plasmonic-Enhanced Photoelectrolysis
3.1. Near–Field Excitation Enhancement
3.2. Hot Electron Injection (HEI)
3.3. Plasmon Induced Resonance Energy Transfer (PIRET)
3.4. Photothermal Effect
4. Enhancement of Photoelectrolysis Using Aluminum Plasmonic Systems
5. Enhancement of Photoelectrolysis Using Copper Plasmonic Systems
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Method | Precursor | Morphology | Size | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chemical reduction | (CH3)2C2H5NAlH3 | Nanocrystal | 70–200 nm in diameter | [30] |
E-beam lithography | Al | Nanorod arrays1 | 130 × 65 nm | [31] |
E-beam lithography | Al | Nanohole arrays | 200–800 nm in diameter | [4] |
Colloidal lithography | Al | Nanoholes | 67 nm in diameter | [32] |
Sonoelectrochemical | AlCl3, LiAlH4 | Nanoparticles | 10–20 nm in diameter | [33] |
Laser ablation | Al | Nanoparticles | 20–50 nm in diameter | [34] |
Anodic oxidation | Al | Porous Al | Porous film | [35] |
Deposition/Dewetting | Al | Al/Al2O3 nanoparticle arrays | 12–25 nm | [36] |
Application | Structure | Performance | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Photocatalyst | Si-Al-Fe2O3 core-shell nanowires | (theoretical) 14.5% solar to hydrogen efficiency | [44] |
Photoelectrochemical | Al nanodimer and TiO2 thin film | 27.8% increase in the local oxygen evolution rate | [38] |
Organic photovoltaics | Aluminum nanoparticles | 30% efficiency enhancement | [39] |
Organic photovoltaics | Aluminum nanodisk array | 7.28% to 8.04% enhancement in PCE | [40] |
Solar cells | Aluminum nanodisk array | 38% external quantum efficiency at 530 nm | [41] |
Photocatalyst | Aluminum nanocrystals and GaAs | 1.5e5 c/s HD Rate under 4 kW/cm2 laser illumination | [42] |
Photocatalyst | Al-Pd nanodisk heterodimers | 28 nmol/s HD Rate at 450 nm | [43] |
Organic solar cells | Graphene-aluminum nanocross arrays | 11.82 to 17.05 mA/cm2 photocurrent density | [45] |
Method | Precursor | Reducing Agent | Stabilizer | Size | Product | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wet-chemical | Cupric chloride | Hydrazinium hydroxide | CTAB | 5–15 nm | CuNPs | [50] |
Photoreduction | Cu(OAc)2 | Irradiated with a xenon lamp | - | 10 nm | CuNPs | [51] |
Wet-chemical & MW-assisted | Cupric nitrate | Terminalia arjuna bark extract | Terminalia arjuna bark extract | 23 nm | Cu-MWCNTs | [52] |
Wet-chemical | Copper-surfactant complex | Hydrazine hydrate; | Deprotonated polyacrylic acid | 40–85 nm | CuNPs | [53] |
Wet-chemical | Copper-surfactant complex | Sodium borohydrate | Deprotonated polyacrylic acid | 50–54 nm | CuNPs | [53] |
MW-assisted | copper acetate | Sodium hydroxide | - | 7 nm | CuNPs | [54] |
MW-assisted | copper nitrate | L-Ascorbic acid | - | 9 nm | CuNPs | [54] |
Micelle method | copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate | Sodium borohydrate | sodium dodecyl sulfate | ~2 nm | Cu nanoclusters | [55] |
Ionic-liquid (IL)-assisted synthesis | Microsized copper particles (1–5 µm) | 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate | - | 20–200 nm | CuNPs | [56] |
Structure | Reaction | Performance | References |
---|---|---|---|
CuNP | PC-HER | Hydrogen evolution rate of 35 mmol g−1 h−1 | [51] |
CuNP-ZnO composite | PEC-OER | 0.017 mA cm−2 at 0.5 V (vs. SCE) under visible light illumination | [60] |
CuNP/rGO | PEC-HER | Hydrogen evolution rate of ~59 mmol/h/g | [59] |
CuNP@Cu2O/ZnO | PC-HER | Hydrogen evolution rate of ~1.47 mmol/h/g | [62] |
CuO/Cu(OH)2@Cu substrate film | PEC-OER | 10 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 580 mV | [67] |
Nanorods with Cu(OH)2-CuO@Cu core-shell structure | PEC-OER | 10 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 417 mV | [70] |
CuO-modifed TiO2 | PC-HER | Hydrogen evolution rate of 64.2–71.6 mmol/h/g | [71] |
CuO-TiO2 | PC-HER | Apparent quantum yield of 5.1% | [72] |
Cu(OH)2-nanocluster-modified TiO2 | PC-HER | Hydrogen evolution rate of ~3.4 mmol/h/g, quantum efficiency (QE) ~13.9% | [73] |
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Jiang, Q.; Ji, C.; Riley, D.J.; Xie, F. Boosting the Efficiency of Photoelectrolysis by the Addition of Non-Noble Plasmonic Metals: Al & Cu. Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9010001
Jiang Q, Ji C, Riley DJ, Xie F. Boosting the Efficiency of Photoelectrolysis by the Addition of Non-Noble Plasmonic Metals: Al & Cu. Nanomaterials. 2019; 9(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiang, Qianfan, Chengyu Ji, D. Jason Riley, and Fang Xie. 2019. "Boosting the Efficiency of Photoelectrolysis by the Addition of Non-Noble Plasmonic Metals: Al & Cu" Nanomaterials 9, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9010001