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Volume 8
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10.3390/nano8070483
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Article

Fabrication of Scaffold-Based 3D Magnetic Nanowires for Domain Wall Applications

by
Dédalo Sanz-Hernández
1,
Ruben F. Hamans
2,
Johannes Osterrieth
3,
Jung-Wei Liao
1,
Luka Skoric
1,
Jason D. Fowlkes
4,5,
Philip D. Rack
4,5,
Anna Lippert
3,
Steven F. Lee
3,
Reinoud Lavrijsen
2 and
Amalio Fernández-Pacheco
1,*
1
Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
2
Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
3
Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
4
Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
5
Materials Science and Engineering Department and Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nanomaterials 2018, 8(7), 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8070483
Submission received: 1 June 2018 / Revised: 20 June 2018 / Accepted: 27 June 2018 / Published: 30 June 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Nanowires)
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Abstract

Three-dimensional magnetic nanostructures hold great potential to revolutionize information technologies and to enable the study of novel physical phenomena. In this work, we describe a hybrid nanofabrication process combining bottom-up 3D nano-printing and top-down thin film deposition, which leads to the fabrication of complex magnetic nanostructures suitable for the study of new 3D magnetic effects. First, a non-magnetic 3D scaffold is nano-printed using Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition; then a thin film magnetic material is thermally evaporated onto the scaffold, leading to a functional 3D magnetic nanostructure. Scaffold geometries are extended beyond recently developed single-segment geometries by introducing a dual-pitch patterning strategy. Additionally, by tilting the substrate during growth, low-angle segments can be patterned, circumventing a major limitation of this nano-printing process; this is demonstrated by the fabrication of ‘staircase’ nanostructures with segments parallel to the substrate. The suitability of nano-printed scaffolds to support thermally evaporated thin films is discussed, outlining the importance of including supporting pillars to prevent deformation during the evaporation process. Employing this set of methods, a set of nanostructures tailored to precisely match a dark-field magneto-optical magnetometer have been fabricated and characterized. This work demonstrates the versatility of this hybrid technique and the interesting magnetic properties of the nanostructures produced, opening a promising route for the development of new 3D devices for applications and fundamental studies.
Keywords: 3D-nanoprinting; Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition; nanomagnetism; FEBID; nanowire; nanofabrication; direct write; thin film 3D-nanoprinting; Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition; nanomagnetism; FEBID; nanowire; nanofabrication; direct write; thin film

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MDPI and ACS Style

Sanz-Hernández, D.; Hamans, R.F.; Osterrieth, J.; Liao, J.-W.; Skoric, L.; Fowlkes, J.D.; Rack, P.D.; Lippert, A.; Lee, S.F.; Lavrijsen, R.; et al. Fabrication of Scaffold-Based 3D Magnetic Nanowires for Domain Wall Applications. Nanomaterials 2018, 8, 483. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8070483

AMA Style

Sanz-Hernández D, Hamans RF, Osterrieth J, Liao J-W, Skoric L, Fowlkes JD, Rack PD, Lippert A, Lee SF, Lavrijsen R, et al. Fabrication of Scaffold-Based 3D Magnetic Nanowires for Domain Wall Applications. Nanomaterials. 2018; 8(7):483. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8070483

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sanz-Hernández, Dédalo, Ruben F. Hamans, Johannes Osterrieth, Jung-Wei Liao, Luka Skoric, Jason D. Fowlkes, Philip D. Rack, Anna Lippert, Steven F. Lee, Reinoud Lavrijsen, and et al. 2018. "Fabrication of Scaffold-Based 3D Magnetic Nanowires for Domain Wall Applications" Nanomaterials 8, no. 7: 483. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8070483

APA Style

Sanz-Hernández, D., Hamans, R. F., Osterrieth, J., Liao, J.-W., Skoric, L., Fowlkes, J. D., Rack, P. D., Lippert, A., Lee, S. F., Lavrijsen, R., & Fernández-Pacheco, A. (2018). Fabrication of Scaffold-Based 3D Magnetic Nanowires for Domain Wall Applications. Nanomaterials, 8(7), 483. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8070483

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