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Nanomaterials
Volume 16
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10.3390/nano16060361
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Article

Application of Zinc Ferrite Nanoparticles for the Magnetic Removal of Algae That Bind Cadmium

by
Péter Koska
1,2,
Tímea Fóris
1,
Kitti Gráczer
1,
Ágnes Mária Állné Ilosvai
1,2,
Ferenc Kristály
3,
Lajos Daróczi
4,
László Vanyorek
1,* and
Béla Viskolcz
1,2,*
1
Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary
2
Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary
3
Institute of Mineralogy and Geology, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary
4
Department of Solid State Physics, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 2, 4010 Debrecen, Hungary
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(6), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16060361
Submission received: 10 February 2026 / Revised: 12 March 2026 / Accepted: 13 March 2026 / Published: 16 March 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)
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Abstract

The removal of cadmium from contaminated water remains a critical challenge due to its high toxicity, persistence, and limited treatability at low concentrations. In this study, we propose a novel algal–nanoparticle system that integrates cadmium adsorption by Chlorella vulgaris with zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) nanoparticle-assisted sedimentation, with the aim of addressing a significant operational challenge in algal remediation. The microalgal biomass demonstrated the capacity to remove cadmium with efficiencies exceeding 90%, facilitated by adsorption through surface functional groups. The incorporation of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles promoted the formation of dense, magnetically responsive aggregates, significantly accelerating biomass settling without the necessity for additional chemical flocculants. The strategy’s efficacy is evidenced by its enhancement of metal removal and solid–liquid separation processes, which renders it a potentially scalable and environmentally sustainable approach for the treatment of cadmium-contaminated wastewater. The strategy holds relevance for effluents derived from mining, electroplating, fertilizer production and battery manufacturing.
Keywords: Chlorella vulgaris; zinc ferrite; cadmium adsorption; magnetic separation Chlorella vulgaris; zinc ferrite; cadmium adsorption; magnetic separation
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MDPI and ACS Style

Koska, P.; Fóris, T.; Gráczer, K.; Állné Ilosvai, Á.M.; Kristály, F.; Daróczi, L.; Vanyorek, L.; Viskolcz, B. Application of Zinc Ferrite Nanoparticles for the Magnetic Removal of Algae That Bind Cadmium. Nanomaterials 2026, 16, 361. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16060361

AMA Style

Koska P, Fóris T, Gráczer K, Állné Ilosvai ÁM, Kristály F, Daróczi L, Vanyorek L, Viskolcz B. Application of Zinc Ferrite Nanoparticles for the Magnetic Removal of Algae That Bind Cadmium. Nanomaterials. 2026; 16(6):361. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16060361

Chicago/Turabian Style

Koska, Péter, Tímea Fóris, Kitti Gráczer, Ágnes Mária Állné Ilosvai, Ferenc Kristály, Lajos Daróczi, László Vanyorek, and Béla Viskolcz. 2026. "Application of Zinc Ferrite Nanoparticles for the Magnetic Removal of Algae That Bind Cadmium" Nanomaterials 16, no. 6: 361. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16060361

APA Style

Koska, P., Fóris, T., Gráczer, K., Állné Ilosvai, Á. M., Kristály, F., Daróczi, L., Vanyorek, L., & Viskolcz, B. (2026). Application of Zinc Ferrite Nanoparticles for the Magnetic Removal of Algae That Bind Cadmium. Nanomaterials, 16(6), 361. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16060361

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