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Volume 16
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10.3390/nano16140879
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Review

Biomass Precursors for Hard Carbon Anodes in Sodium-Ion Batteries: Structural Characteristics and Performance Relationships

by
Man Kang
,
Luyao Huang
,
Yuxuan Zhang
,
Fei Wang
,
Xiaowei Li
and
Xiaodong Wu
*
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(14), 879; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16140879
Submission received: 11 June 2026 / Revised: 10 July 2026 / Accepted: 15 July 2026 / Published: 16 July 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Catalysts for Solar Energy Conversion)
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Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have become a crucial supplementary technology for large-scale energy storage due to abundant sodium resources and their low cost. Biomass-derived hard carbon materials have been considered as one of the most promising anode materials for commercial SIBs. However, the inherent structures of different biomass materials vary significantly, which directly affects the electrochemical performance of the resulting hard carbon anode materials. In this review, raw materials are classified into four types based on the natural structure characteristics of biomass: fibrous, granular, dense, and special. This review highlights the structural characteristics of each biomass type and their influence on sodium storage performance. The carbonization process, including the treatment of raw materials before carbonization, the parameter control during the carbonization process, and the surface optimization after carbonization, is proposed as an effective strategy for regulating the structure of biomass-derived hard carbon. The existing structural deficiencies in current carbon materials are also analyzed. Finally, the selection of biomass precursors and the structural regulation strategies for commercial SIBs are discussed.
Keywords: sodium-ion batteries; anode materials; biomass-derived carbon; structural regulation sodium-ion batteries; anode materials; biomass-derived carbon; structural regulation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kang, M.; Huang, L.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, F.; Li, X.; Wu, X. Biomass Precursors for Hard Carbon Anodes in Sodium-Ion Batteries: Structural Characteristics and Performance Relationships. Nanomaterials 2026, 16, 879. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16140879

AMA Style

Kang M, Huang L, Zhang Y, Wang F, Li X, Wu X. Biomass Precursors for Hard Carbon Anodes in Sodium-Ion Batteries: Structural Characteristics and Performance Relationships. Nanomaterials. 2026; 16(14):879. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16140879

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kang, Man, Luyao Huang, Yuxuan Zhang, Fei Wang, Xiaowei Li, and Xiaodong Wu. 2026. "Biomass Precursors for Hard Carbon Anodes in Sodium-Ion Batteries: Structural Characteristics and Performance Relationships" Nanomaterials 16, no. 14: 879. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16140879

APA Style

Kang, M., Huang, L., Zhang, Y., Wang, F., Li, X., & Wu, X. (2026). Biomass Precursors for Hard Carbon Anodes in Sodium-Ion Batteries: Structural Characteristics and Performance Relationships. Nanomaterials, 16(14), 879. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16140879

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