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Article

Nanoparticles Enhance in Vitro Micropropagation and Secondary Metabolite Accumulation in Origanum petraeum

1
Hamdi Mango Center for Scientific Research, The University of Jordan, Amman P.O. Box 11942, Jordan
2
Department of Horticulture and Crop Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jordan, Amman P.O. Box 11942, Jordan
3
Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman P.O. Box 11942, Jordan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1496; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191496
Submission received: 9 September 2025 / Revised: 29 September 2025 / Accepted: 30 September 2025 / Published: 30 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Nanotechnology in Agriculture)

Abstract

Origanum petraeum Danin, an endemic medicinal shrub from Jordan, belongs to the Lamiaceae family and possesses significant pharmaceutical potential, yet its secondary metabolite profile remains largely unexplored. This study evaluated the effects of two types of nanoparticles, silver (Ag) and copper (Cu), on in vitro propagation and secondary metabolite composition in O. petraeum microshoots. Sterilized buds were used to initiate in vitro cultures on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with gibberellic acid (GA3) at 0.5 mg/L. Microshoots were treated with nanoparticles at concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 100, and 150 mg/L. AgNPs at 100 mg/L promoted growth, increasing the number of microshoots to 11.6 and shoot height to 9.22 cm. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed nanoparticle uptake and translocation, with AgNPs observed in root cells as small particles (≤24.63 nm), while CuNPs formed aggregates in leaves (47.71 nm). GC-MS analysis revealed that nanoparticles altered the volatile composition; 50 mg/L CuNPs enhanced monoterpenes, including α-terpinyl acetate (29.23%) and geranyl acetate (12.76%), whereas 50 mg/L AgNPs increased sesquiterpenes, such as caryophyllene oxide (28.45%). Control in vitro cultures without nanoparticles showed simpler profiles dominated by caryophyllene oxide, while wild plants contained both monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, with eudesm-7(11)-en-4-ol (25.10%) as the major compound. Nutrient analysis indicated that nanoparticles influenced nutrient composition in microshoots. This study is the first to report nanoparticle-assisted growth and essential oil composition in O. petraeum, demonstrating their potential to enhance growth and secondary metabolite production for pharmacological and biotechnological applications.
Keywords: Origanum petraeum; microshoots; secondary metabolites; essential oils; silver nanoparticles; copper nanoparticles; GC-MS analysis Origanum petraeum; microshoots; secondary metabolites; essential oils; silver nanoparticles; copper nanoparticles; GC-MS analysis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Al Qudah, T.S.; Shibli, R.A.; Abu-Zurayk, R.; Hudaib, M. Nanoparticles Enhance in Vitro Micropropagation and Secondary Metabolite Accumulation in Origanum petraeum. Nanomaterials 2025, 15, 1496. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191496

AMA Style

Al Qudah TS, Shibli RA, Abu-Zurayk R, Hudaib M. Nanoparticles Enhance in Vitro Micropropagation and Secondary Metabolite Accumulation in Origanum petraeum. Nanomaterials. 2025; 15(19):1496. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191496

Chicago/Turabian Style

Al Qudah, Tamara S., Rida A. Shibli, Rund Abu-Zurayk, and Mohammad Hudaib. 2025. "Nanoparticles Enhance in Vitro Micropropagation and Secondary Metabolite Accumulation in Origanum petraeum" Nanomaterials 15, no. 19: 1496. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191496

APA Style

Al Qudah, T. S., Shibli, R. A., Abu-Zurayk, R., & Hudaib, M. (2025). Nanoparticles Enhance in Vitro Micropropagation and Secondary Metabolite Accumulation in Origanum petraeum. Nanomaterials, 15(19), 1496. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191496

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