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Volume 13
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10.3390/nano13030616
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Article

Nickel—Alumina Catalysts for the Transformation of Vegetable Oils into Green Diesel: The Role of Preparation Method, Activation Temperature, and Reaction Conditions

by
Ioannis Nikolopoulos
1,
George Kogkos
1,
Vasiliki D. Tsavatopoulou
1,
Eleana Kordouli
1,2,
Kyriakos Bourikas
2,
Christos Kordulis
1,2,3,* and
Alexis Lycourghiotis
1
1
Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
2
School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Parodos Aristotelous 18, GR-26335 Patras, Greece
3
Foundation for Research and Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering Science (FORTH/ICE-HT), Stadiou Str., Platani, P.O. Box 1414, GR-26500 Patras, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(3), 616; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13030616
Submission received: 21 December 2022 / Revised: 23 January 2023 / Accepted: 31 January 2023 / Published: 3 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocatalysis for Environmental Protection, Energy, and Green Chemistry)
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Abstract

Two nickel alumina catalysts containing 60 wt. % Ni were synthesized by wet impregnation and co-precipitation in order to study the effect of preparation methods on the catalytic efficiency concerning the transformation of sunflower oil into green diesel. The effect of activation temperature on the catalytic efficiency of the most active catalyst was also studied. The catalysts were characterized using various techniques and which were evaluated in the aforementioned reaction using a semi-batch reactor. The catalyst prepared by co-precipitation exhibited a higher specific surface area and smaller mean crystal size of the nickel nanoparticle (higher nickel metallic surface). These justify its higher efficiency with respect to the corresponding catalyst synthesized by wet impregnation. The increase in the activation temperature from 400 to 600 °C increased the size of the nickel nanoparticles through sintering, thus destroying the small pores. These led to a decrease in the nickel surface and specific surface area and, thus, to a decrease in the catalytic efficiency. The optimization of the reaction conditions over the most active catalyst (prepared by co-precipitation and activated at 400 °C) leads to the complete transformation not only of the sunflower oil (edible oil) but also of waste cooking oil (non-edible oil) into green diesel. The liquid produced after the hydrotreatment for these two feedstocks for 7 h, at H2 pressure 40 bar and temperature 350 °C using 100 mL of oil and 1 g of catalyst was composed of 97 and 96 wt. % of green diesel, respectively.
Keywords: Ni catalyst; vegetable oil hydrodeoxygenation; green diesel; renewable diesel; biofuel Ni catalyst; vegetable oil hydrodeoxygenation; green diesel; renewable diesel; biofuel

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MDPI and ACS Style

Nikolopoulos, I.; Kogkos, G.; Tsavatopoulou, V.D.; Kordouli, E.; Bourikas, K.; Kordulis, C.; Lycourghiotis, A. Nickel—Alumina Catalysts for the Transformation of Vegetable Oils into Green Diesel: The Role of Preparation Method, Activation Temperature, and Reaction Conditions. Nanomaterials 2023, 13, 616. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13030616

AMA Style

Nikolopoulos I, Kogkos G, Tsavatopoulou VD, Kordouli E, Bourikas K, Kordulis C, Lycourghiotis A. Nickel—Alumina Catalysts for the Transformation of Vegetable Oils into Green Diesel: The Role of Preparation Method, Activation Temperature, and Reaction Conditions. Nanomaterials. 2023; 13(3):616. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13030616

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nikolopoulos, Ioannis, George Kogkos, Vasiliki D. Tsavatopoulou, Eleana Kordouli, Kyriakos Bourikas, Christos Kordulis, and Alexis Lycourghiotis. 2023. "Nickel—Alumina Catalysts for the Transformation of Vegetable Oils into Green Diesel: The Role of Preparation Method, Activation Temperature, and Reaction Conditions" Nanomaterials 13, no. 3: 616. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13030616

APA Style

Nikolopoulos, I., Kogkos, G., Tsavatopoulou, V. D., Kordouli, E., Bourikas, K., Kordulis, C., & Lycourghiotis, A. (2023). Nickel—Alumina Catalysts for the Transformation of Vegetable Oils into Green Diesel: The Role of Preparation Method, Activation Temperature, and Reaction Conditions. Nanomaterials, 13(3), 616. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13030616

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