Zn and Zn-Fe Nanostructures with Multifunctional Properties as Components for Food Packaging Materials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Production of the Materials
2.1.1. Classical Magnetron Sputtering
2.1.2. Hybrid Magnetron Sputtering—Cluster Gun
2.2. Methodology
2.2.1. Morphology, Composition, and Structure
2.2.2. Functional Properties
2.2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Morphology, Structure, and Chemical Composition Characterizations
3.2. Functional Properties
3.2.1. Chromatic Properties
3.2.2. Antimicrobial Properties
- (i)
- Effect of Zn-Fe concentration
- (ii)
- Effect of Fe concentration
- (iii)
- Effect of Zn and Fe distribution
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Process | Coating | JZn (mA/cm2) | JFe (mA/cm2) | Zn + Fe Layer Time (min) | Fe Layer Time (min) | N. of Layers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Classical | Pure Zn | 0.5 | — | 14.5 * | 1 | |
Classical | Zn-Fe alloy | 0.5 | 2.5 | 1 | 4.17 | 15 |
Cluster | Zn NLs + Fe NPs | 1.9 | 3.2 | 0.5* | 10 | 24 |
Classical | Zn-Fe NLs | 1.0 | 2.5 | 15 | 10 | 1 |
Deposit Conditions | Characteristics of the Produced Coatings | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coatings | Deposition time (min) | Current Density (J) (mA/cm2) | Deposition Rate (nm/s) | Thickness (nm) | Atomic Percent (at.%) | Metal Concentration by ICP-OES (µg/cm2) | ||||
Jzn | JFe | Zn | Fe | O | Zn | Fe | ||||
Pure Zn | Zn = 14.5 | 0.5 | — | 0.13 | 109 | 86 | — | 14 | 27.40 ± 0.43 | — |
Zn-Fe alloy | Zn = 15 Fe = 62.5 | 0.5 | 2.5 | 0.30 | 175 | 46 | 24 | 30 | 33.90 ± 0.60 | 13.51 ± 0.97 |
Zn NLs + Fe NPs | Zn = 12 Fe = 240 | 2.5 | 3.2 | 0.02 | 238 | 81 | 8 | 11 | 47.13 ± 4.21 | 1.40 ± 0.52 |
Zn-Fe NLs | Zn = 15 Fe = 25 | 1 * | 2.5 * | 0.09 | 207 | 89 | 7 | 4 | 69.20 ± 1.34 | 3.77 ± 0.11 |
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Lamsaf, H.; Ballesteros, L.F.; Cerqueira, M.A.; Teixeira, J.A.; Pastrana, L.M.; Rebouta, L.; Carvalho, S.; Calderon, S. Zn and Zn-Fe Nanostructures with Multifunctional Properties as Components for Food Packaging Materials. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 2104. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12122104
Lamsaf H, Ballesteros LF, Cerqueira MA, Teixeira JA, Pastrana LM, Rebouta L, Carvalho S, Calderon S. Zn and Zn-Fe Nanostructures with Multifunctional Properties as Components for Food Packaging Materials. Nanomaterials. 2022; 12(12):2104. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12122104
Chicago/Turabian StyleLamsaf, Hafsae, Lina F. Ballesteros, Miguel A. Cerqueira, José A. Teixeira, Lorenzo M. Pastrana, Luís Rebouta, Sandra Carvalho, and Sebastian Calderon. 2022. "Zn and Zn-Fe Nanostructures with Multifunctional Properties as Components for Food Packaging Materials" Nanomaterials 12, no. 12: 2104. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12122104