Aquatic Environment Exposure and Toxicity of Engineered Nanomaterials Released from Nano-Enabled Products: Current Status and Data Needs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. ENMs Identified to Be Commonly Used in NEPs That Exhibit Medium to High Environmental Exposure Potential
2.1. Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (nTiO2)
2.2. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (nZnO)
2.3. Silver Nanoparticles (nAg)
2.4. Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles (nSiO2)
3. Release of ENMS from NEPs
3.1. Sunscreens
NEP | ENMs Type | Concentration/Percentage Released | References |
---|---|---|---|
Sunscreen | nTiO2 | 7 × 10−4–0.00116 mg/L | [22] |
19–38% | [70] | ||
nZnO | 0.58 mg/L | [100] | |
nTiO2 + nZnO | 20–40% | [76] | |
0.4–8% | [140] | ||
Paint | nAg | 0.5–20 mg/L | [23] |
3.5 × 107 particles/L | [13] | ||
1.7–15.7 µg/L | [121] | ||
nTiO2 | 5 × 105 particles/mL | [127] | |
2 × 106–1.2 × 107 µg/m2 | [74] | ||
10–30 µg/m2 | [87] | ||
Textiles | nTiO2 | 0.64–4.7 mg/L | [120] |
0.05 ± 0.02–3.13 ± 1.51 µg/g | [83] | ||
nAg | 0.32–38.5 mg/L | [120] | |
<1–100% | [14] | ||
0.3–377 µg/g | [15] | ||
18 ± 2–2925 ± 10 mg/kg | [138] | ||
3.4 ± 0.1–106 ± 10 µg/g | [124] | ||
15.8–34 µg | [141] | ||
1 × 10−3–5.969 mg/L | [24] | ||
5.3–6.4 mg/L | [126] | ||
Washing machine | nAg | 8.1724 × 107 particles/mL | [123] |
Baby products | nAg | 1–35% | [142] |
Toothbrush | nAg | 3.6–6.6 × 107 particles/L (Baby) | [25] |
9.3–20.3 × 107 particles/L (Adult) | [25] |
3.2. Personal Care Products
3.3. Paints
3.4. Clothing/Textile
3.5. Washing Machine
4. Presence of PR–ENMs in Environmental Water Systems
5. Ecotoxicity of PR–ENMs in the Aquatic Environment
5.1. Sunscreen-Released ENMs
5.2. Household Detergent-Released ENMs
5.3. Textile-Released ENMs
5.4. Paint-Released ENMs
6. PR–ENMs Risk Characterisation Estimation
7. Conclusions, Recommendations and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ENMs Type | Global Production (Tons/Year) | References |
---|---|---|
nTiO2 | 10,000–15,000 | [50,51] |
nZnO | 1000–36,000 | [39,51] |
nAg | 420 | [51] |
nSiO2 | 1,400,000 | [51] |
NEPs Type | ENMs Type | Organism | LC50 or EC50 | Observation | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sunscreen | nTiO2 + nZnO | P. lividus | 14–96 µL/L (standard salinity) | Growth inhibition | [148] |
P. tricornutum | 9.9–82 µL/L (salinity stress) | ||||
C. orientalis | |||||
Textile | nAg | D. rerio | 0.26–0.4 mg/L | Hatching inhibition | [147] |
* | Abnormal embryo development | ||||
No effects | [124] | ||||
Household detergent | nAg | P. aliena | * | Growth inhibition | [122] |
C. fuciola | |||||
A. agilis | |||||
S. koyangensis | |||||
Paint | nAg | P. subcapitata | * | No effects | [121] |
V. fischeri | |||||
D. magna |
NEPs Type | Organisms Group | PR–ENMs | RQ (Least Case Scenarios) | RQ Interpretation | RQ (Worst Case Scenarios) | RQ Interpretation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sunscreen | Algae | PR–nTiO2 | 0.073 | No significant risk | 34.1 | Potential adverse effects |
PR–nZnO | 35.4 | Potential adverse effects | 35.4 | Potential adverse effects | ||
Echinoderms | PR–nTiO2 | 0.007 | No significant risk | 0.083 | No significant risk | |
PR–nZnO | 6.04 | Small adverse effects | 41.4 | Potential adverse effects | ||
Crustacea | PR–nZnO | 25.9 | Potential adverse effects | 25.9 | Potential adverse effects | |
Textile | Fish | PR–nAg | 800 | Significant adverse effects | 148,076.9 | Significant adverse effects |
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Moloi, M.S.; Lehutso, R.F.; Erasmus, M.; Oberholster, P.J.; Thwala, M. Aquatic Environment Exposure and Toxicity of Engineered Nanomaterials Released from Nano-Enabled Products: Current Status and Data Needs. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 2868. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11112868
Moloi MS, Lehutso RF, Erasmus M, Oberholster PJ, Thwala M. Aquatic Environment Exposure and Toxicity of Engineered Nanomaterials Released from Nano-Enabled Products: Current Status and Data Needs. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11(11):2868. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11112868
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoloi, Mbuyiselwa Shadrack, Raisibe Florence Lehutso, Mariana Erasmus, Paul Johan Oberholster, and Melusi Thwala. 2021. "Aquatic Environment Exposure and Toxicity of Engineered Nanomaterials Released from Nano-Enabled Products: Current Status and Data Needs" Nanomaterials 11, no. 11: 2868. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11112868