Early-Stage Growth Mechanism and Synthesis Conditions-Dependent Morphology of Nanocrystalline Bi Films Electrodeposited from Perchlorate Electrolyte
by
Daria Tishkevich 1,2
, Sergey Grabchikov 1, Tatiana Zubar 1,2, Denis Vasin 1, Sergei Trukhanov 1,2, Alla Vorobjova 3, Dmitry Yakimchuk 1, Artem Kozlovskiy 4,5, Maxim Zdorovets 4,5,6, Sholpan Giniyatova 4,5, Dmitriy Shimanovich 3, Dmitry Lyakhov 7, Dominik Michels 7, Mengge Dong 8, Svetlana Gudkova 2,9 and Alex Trukhanov 1,2,*
Daria Tishkevich 1,2, Sergey Grabchikov 1, Tatiana Zubar 1,2, Denis Vasin 1, Sergei Trukhanov 1,2, Alla Vorobjova 3, Dmitry Yakimchuk 1, Artem Kozlovskiy 4,5, Maxim Zdorovets 4,5,6, Sholpan Giniyatova 4,5, Dmitriy Shimanovich 3, Dmitry Lyakhov 7, Dominik Michels 7, Mengge Dong 8, Svetlana Gudkova 2,9 and Alex Trukhanov 1,2,*
1
Laboratory of Magnetic Films Physics, Cryogenic Research Department, Scientific-Practical Materials Research Centre of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220072 Minsk, Belarus
2
Laboratory of Single Crystal Growth, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
3
Department of Micro- and Nanoelectronics, Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, 220013 Minsk, Belarus
4
Engineering Profile Laboratory, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan 010008, Kazakhstan
5
Laboratory of Solid State Physics, The Institute of Nuclear Physics, Almaty 050032, Kazakhstan
6
Department of Intelligent Information Technologies, Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, 620075 Yekaterinburg, Russia
7
Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
8
Department of Resource and Environment, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
9
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(6), 1245; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10061245
Received: 28 April 2020 / Revised: 11 June 2020 / Accepted: 23 June 2020 / Published: 27 June 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bimetallic Nanoparticles)
Bi nanocrystalline films were formed from perchlorate electrolyte (PE) on Cu substrate via electrochemical deposition with different duration and current densities. The microstructural, morphological properties, and elemental composition were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX). The optimal range of current densities for Bi electrodeposition in PE using polarization measurements was demonstrated. For the first time, it was shown and explained why, with a deposition duration of 1 s, co-deposition of Pb and Bi occurs. The correlation between synthesis conditions and chemical composition and microstructure for Bi films was discussed. The analysis of the microstructure evolution revealed the changing mechanism of the films’ growth from pillar-like (for Pb-rich phase) to layered granular form (for Bi) with deposition duration rising. This abnormal behavior is explained by the appearance of a strong Bi growth texture and coalescence effects. The investigations of porosity showed that Bi films have a closely-packed microstructure. The main stages and the growth mechanism of Bi films in the galvanostatic regime in PE with a deposition duration of 1–30 s are proposed.
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Keywords:
bismuth; lead; films; electrochemical deposition; co-deposition; growth mechanism; morphology; perchlorate electrolyte
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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
MDPI and ACS Style
Tishkevich, D.; Grabchikov, S.; Zubar, T.; Vasin, D.; Trukhanov, S.; Vorobjova, A.; Yakimchuk, D.; Kozlovskiy, A.; Zdorovets, M.; Giniyatova, S.; Shimanovich, D.; Lyakhov, D.; Michels, D.; Dong, M.; Gudkova, S.; Trukhanov, A. Early-Stage Growth Mechanism and Synthesis Conditions-Dependent Morphology of Nanocrystalline Bi Films Electrodeposited from Perchlorate Electrolyte. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 1245.
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