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Review

Reflections and New Perspectives on Face Cognition as a Specific Socio-Cognitive Ability

1
Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Psychiatric University Hospital Charité at St. Hedwig Hospital, Große Hamburger Str. 5-11, 10115 Berlin, Germany
2
Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
3
Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg and the Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Submission received: 22 September 2020 / Revised: 11 May 2021 / Accepted: 8 June 2021 / Published: 11 June 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Socio-Emotional Ability Research)

Abstract

The study of socio-cognitive abilities emerged from intelligence research, and their specificity remains controversial until today. In recent years, the psychometric structure of face cognition (FC)—a basic facet of socio-cognitive abilities—was extensively studied. In this review, we summarize and discuss the divergent psychometric structures of FC in easy and difficult tasks. While accuracy in difficult tasks was consistently shown to be face-specific, the evidence for easy tasks was inconsistent. The structure of response speed in easy tasks was mostly—but not always—unitary across object categories, including faces. Here, we compare studies to identify characteristics leading to face specificity in easy tasks. The following pattern emerges: in easy tasks, face specificity is found when modeling speed in a single task; however, when modeling speed across multiple, different easy tasks, only a unitary factor structure is reported. In difficult tasks, however, face specificity occurs in both single task approaches and task batteries. This suggests different cognitive mechanisms behind face specificity in easy and difficult tasks. In easy tasks, face specificity relies on isolated cognitive sub-processes such as face identity recognition. In difficult tasks, face-specific and task-independent cognitive processes are employed. We propose a descriptive model and argue for FC to be integrated into common taxonomies of intelligence.
Keywords: socio-cognitive abilities; face cognition; face specificity; speed and accuracy socio-cognitive abilities; face cognition; face specificity; speed and accuracy

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MDPI and ACS Style

Meyer, K.; Sommer, W.; Hildebrandt, A. Reflections and New Perspectives on Face Cognition as a Specific Socio-Cognitive Ability. J. Intell. 2021, 9, 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence9020030

AMA Style

Meyer K, Sommer W, Hildebrandt A. Reflections and New Perspectives on Face Cognition as a Specific Socio-Cognitive Ability. Journal of Intelligence. 2021; 9(2):30. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence9020030

Chicago/Turabian Style

Meyer, Kristina, Werner Sommer, and Andrea Hildebrandt. 2021. "Reflections and New Perspectives on Face Cognition as a Specific Socio-Cognitive Ability" Journal of Intelligence 9, no. 2: 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence9020030

APA Style

Meyer, K., Sommer, W., & Hildebrandt, A. (2021). Reflections and New Perspectives on Face Cognition as a Specific Socio-Cognitive Ability. Journal of Intelligence, 9(2), 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence9020030

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