The LACRIMALit Ontology of Crisis: An Event-Centric Model for Digital History
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Related Work
2.1. CIDOC-CRM
2.2. ArCo
2.3. LODE (Linking Open Descriptions of Events)
2.4. SEM (Simple Event Model)
2.5. REO/RED (Rich Event Model/Rich Event Description)
3. Modelling Crisis Events: The LACRIMALIT Ontology
- (a)
- emergency crisis incidents in times of war or peace, such as dispute (Gr. διαφωνία, διαφωνέω), military threat (Gr. ἀπειλ-ή, -απειλέω), etc., which usually require the undertaking of immediate measures;
- (b)
- breach of trust between leaders and their followers; as well as the means (e.g., harangues, Gr. δημηγορία, λόγος) by which leaders attempt to restore order;
- (c)
- conspiracy (Gr. συνωμοσία), treason (Gr. προδοσία), revolt (Gr. στάσις), political confusion, tumult (Gr. ταραχή).
3.1. Crisis Types
3.2. Competency Questions
- CQ 1: What are the different types of political crises?
- CQ 2: Where did a crisis take place?
- CQ 3: Who are the protagonists of a crisis (e.g., the sedition of Corfu)?
- CQ 4: What are the relevant terms denoting crises (military, political etc.)?
- CQ 5: What are the events that refer to the term “Athenians” in their Perseus reference?
- CQ 6: Who served the function of Prytan at the trial of the generals of the Arginusae battle?
3.3. Building the Ontology
3.3.1. Methodology
3.3.2. Classes and Relations
- the domain knowledge regarding crises and related information (agents, locations etc.) is encoded using standardised properties such as rdfs:subclassOf for subclasses, rdfs:type for instances and properties defined in the LACRIMALit ontology to represent, e.g., agents (lac:agent) and locations (lac:location) of the LACRIMALit events.
- the linguistic dimension encoding the relevant language used to communicate this knowledge in the texts by means of terms, definite descriptions and proper names represented as subclasses of the class Lexical_Unit. The instances of each of these classes are linked to the conceptual dimension by means of the relation lac:designates.
- the network of references, i.e., the bits of text, mainly from Perseus Digital Library, represented by means of the class Reference and linked through the property lac:linkedReference. The references are linked to events with the lac:refersTo property that allows to semantically structuring the references based on the domain ontology.
3.3.3. Populating the Ontology
3.3.4. Linguistic Dimension
3.3.5. Linking Terms and Concepts
4. Evaluation & Validation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SPARQL Query | Variable Values |
---|---|
# CQ1: What are the different types of political crises? PREFIX rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> PREFIX skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX lac: <http://ontologia.fr/OTB/lac#> SELECT DISTINCT ?crisisName WHERE { ?crisis rdfs:subClassOf* lac:Political_Crisis. ?crisis rdfs:label ?crisisName. FILTER (lang(?crisisName)=‘en’) } ORDER BY ?crisisName | “civil war”@en “conspiracy”@en “coup-d-etat”@en “defection”@en “demonstration”@en “end of alliance”@en “exile”@en “murder”@en “ostracism”@en “perceived threat to power”@en “plot”@en “political crisis”@en “reform”@en “refusal to prostrate”@en “revolt”@en “riot”@en “sedition”@en |
# CQ2: Where did the sedition of Corfu take place? PREFIX rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> PREFIX skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX lac: <http://ontologia.fr/OTB/lac#> SELECT DISTINCT ?locationName WHERE { ?sedition rdf:type lac:Sedition. ?sedition rdfs:label ‘sedition of Corfu’@en. ?sedition lac:location ?location. ?location rdfs:label ?locationName FILTER (lang(?locationName)=‘en’) } | “Corfu”@en |
#CQ3 Who are the protagonists of the sedition of Corfu? PREFIX rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> PREFIX skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX lac: <http://ontologia.fr/OTB/lac#> SELECT DISTINCT ?protagonistName WHERE { ?sedition rdf:type lac:Sedition. ?sedition rdfs:label ‘sedition of Corfu’@en. ?sedition lac:agent ?protagonist. ?protagonist rdfs:label ?protagonistName FILTER (lang(?protagonistName)=‘en’) } ORDER BY ?protagonistName | “Alcidas”@en “Brasidas”@en “Peithias”@en “Peloponnesians”@en |
#CQ4: What are the relevant terms denoting crises (military, political etc.)? PREFIX rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> PREFIX skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX lac: <http://ontologia.fr/OTB/lac#> SELECT DISTINCT ?term WHERE { ?subClassOfCrisis rdfs:subClassOf* lac:Crisis. ?subClassOfCrisis rdfs:label ?term. FILTER (lang(?term)=‘en’) } ORDER BY ?term | “battle”@en “campaign”@en “capture of city or fortress”@en “civil war”@en “conspiracy”@en “coup-d-etat”@en “crisis”@en “defection”@en “demonstration”@en “dispatch of troops”@en “drought”@en “earthquake”@en “economic crisis”@en “end of alliance”@en “environmental crisis”@en “epidemic”@en “exile”@en “expedition”@en “expulsion”@en “financial crisis”@en “financial mismanagement”@en “insurrection”@en “inundation”@en “invasion”@en “land battle”@en “migrant crisis”@en “military crisis”@en “monetary crisis”@en “murder”@en “naval battle”@en “ostracism”@en “pandemic”@en “perceived threat to power”@en “piratical attack”@en “plot”@en “political crisis”@en “public health crisis”@en “reform”@en “refusal to prostrate”@en “revolt”@en “riot”@en “sack”@en “sedition”@en “siege”@en “treason”@en “war”@en “war declaration”@en |
#CQ5: What are the events that refer to the term “Athenians” in their Perseus reference? PREFIX rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> PREFIX skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX lac: <http://ontologia.fr/OTB/lac#> SELECT DISTINCT ?eventName WHERE { ?eventClass rdfs:subClassOf* lac:Event. ?event rdf:type ?eventClass. ?event rdfs:label ?eventName. ?event lac:perseus_reference ?reference. FILTER regex (?reference, “Athenians”) FILTER (lang(?eventName)=‘en’) FILTER (lang(?reference)=‘en’) } ORDER BY ?eventName | “Naval Battle of Cyzicus”@en “Peace of Nicias”@en “Plague of Athens”@en “epidemic at Athens in 430 BC”@en “Λοιμός των Aθηνών”@en |
#CQ6: Who served the function of Prytan at the trial of the generals of the Arginusae battle? PREFIX rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> PREFIX skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX lac: <http://ontologia.fr/OTB/lac#> SELECT DISTINCT ?whoName WHERE { ?evtTrial rdf:type lac:Trial. ?evtTrial rdfs:label “trial of generals after the battle of Arginusae”@en. ?evtTrial lac:beginDate ?beginDateTrial. ?evtTrial lac:beginDate ?endDateTrial. ?function rdf:type lac:Political_Function. ?function rdfs:label “prytan”@en. ?evtPerfFct rdf:type lac:Performed_Function. ?evtPerfFct lac:function ?function. ?who rdf:type lac:Person. ?evtPerfFct lac:agent ?who. ?who foaf:name ?whoName. ?evtPerfFct lac:beginDate ?beginDateFunction. ?evtPerfFct lac:beginDate ?endDateFunction. FILTER ((?beginDateTrial >= ?beginDateFunction) && (?endDateTrial <= ?endDateFunction)) } ORDER BY ?whoName | “Socrates”@en |
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Papadopoulou, M.; Roche, C.; Tamiolaki, E.-M. The LACRIMALit Ontology of Crisis: An Event-Centric Model for Digital History. Information 2022, 13, 398. https://doi.org/10.3390/info13080398
Papadopoulou M, Roche C, Tamiolaki E-M. The LACRIMALit Ontology of Crisis: An Event-Centric Model for Digital History. Information. 2022; 13(8):398. https://doi.org/10.3390/info13080398
Chicago/Turabian StylePapadopoulou, Maria, Christophe Roche, and Eleni-Melina Tamiolaki. 2022. "The LACRIMALit Ontology of Crisis: An Event-Centric Model for Digital History" Information 13, no. 8: 398. https://doi.org/10.3390/info13080398