Tools for Urban Climate Adaptation Plans: A Case Study on Bologna and Outcomes for Heat Wave Impact Reduction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Tools for Urban Climate Adaptation Planning
2. Methods
- Class A—low fragility → close to equilibrium;
- Class B—medium-low fragility → low deviation from equilibrium;
- Class C—medium-high fragility → substantial deviation from equilibrium;
- Class D—high fragility → high deviation from equilibrium.
3. Result and Discussion
- Class A—maintenance—the microclimate well-being brought about by the new planning conditions must be greater than or equal to the well-being in the existing conditions;
- Class B—basic level—the microclimate well-being brought about by the new planning conditions must be better than the well-being of the existing conditions by at least 10%, with the overall albedo of the surfaces (shortwave reflection) affected by the intervention being greater than or equal to 40%;
- Class C—improvement level—the microclimate well-being brought about by the new planning conditions must be better than the well-being of the existing conditions by at least 15%, with the overall albedo of the surfaces affected by the intervention being greater than or equal to 50%;
- Class D—excellent level—the microclimate well-being brought about by the new planning conditions must be at least 20% better than the well-being of the existing conditions, with the overall albedo of the surfaces affected by the intervention being greater than or equal to 60%.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Badura, T.; Krkoška Lorencová, E.; Ferrini, S.; Vačkářová, D. Public support for urban climate adaptation policy through nature-based solutions in Prague. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2021, 215, 104215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morabito, M.; Crisci, A.; Gioli, B.; Gualtieri, G.; Toscano, P.; di Stefano, V.; Orlandini, S.; Gensini, G.F. Urban-Hazard Risk Analysis: Mapping of Heat-Related Risks in the Elderly in Major Italian Cities. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0127277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cheval, S.; Mihai Adamescu, C.; Georgiadis, T.; Herrnegger, M.; Piticar, A.; Legates, D.R. Observed and Potential Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Environment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferrini, F.; Gori, A. How Trees and Green Infrastructures Can Help Shaping a Sustainable Future. Ri-Vista 2020, 19, 182–191. [Google Scholar]
- United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 68% of the World Population Projected to Live in Urban Areas by 2050, Says UN, New York. Available online: https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html (accessed on 4 August 2023).
- Mullenbach, L.E.; Baker, B.L.; Mowen, A.J. Does Public Support of Urban Park Development Stem from Gentrification Beliefs and Attitudes? Landsc. Urban Plan 2021, 211, 104097. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Covenant of Mayors—Europe. EU Cities Save Energy. Available online: https://eu-mayors.ec.europa.eu/en/home (accessed on 4 August 2023).
- Climate Action. Climate Strategies & Targets. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies_en (accessed on 4 August 2023).
- The Compact of Mayors—C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group. Available online: https://www.c40.org/researches/compact-of-mayors (accessed on 4 August 2023).
- Russo, A.; Cirella, G.T. Urban Ecosystem Services: New Findings for Landscape Architects, Urban Planners, and Policymakers. Land 2021, 10, 88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Felice, E.; Vignoli, V.; Fiorani, F.; Corradini, E.; Minelli, A. Urban Trees Felling and Failures: Preliminary Results from an Investigation on an Urban Green Infrastructure—Locating the Most Sensitive Species and Defining the Causes. Acta Hortic. 2022, 1345, 209–214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- SOS4LIFE Project. Freeing the Soil 20 Case Studies for Urban Resilience Adaptation Projects and Processes in Regeneration Interventions. 2020. Available online: https://www.sos4life.it/wp-content/uploads/SOS4LIFE_lineeguida_02_ENG_v12_LR.pdf (accessed on 2 November 2022).
- SOS4LIFE Project. Freeing the Guidelines for Improving Resilience to Climate Change in Urban Regeneration Processes. 2020. Available online: https://www.sos4life.it/wp-content/uploads/SOS4LIFE_lineeguida_EN_01_1.pdf (accessed on 2 November 2022).
- Davoudi, S. Climate Risk and Security: New Meanings of “the Environment” in the English Planning System. Eur. Plan. Stud. 2012, 20, 49–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thoidou, E. Spatial Planning and Climate Adaptation: Challenges of Land Protection in a Peri-Urban Area of the Mediterranean City of Thessaloniki. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ward, K.; Lauf, S.; Kleinschmit, B.; Endlicher, W. Heat waves and urban heat islands in Europe: A review of relevant drivers. Sci. Total Environ. 2016, 569–570, 527–539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- WMO. Guidance on Integrated Urban Hydrometeorological, Climate and Environmental Services—Volume I: Concept and Methodology; WMO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- UNFCCC. National Adaptation Plans. Available online: https://unfccc.int/topics/adaptation-and-resilience/workstreams/national-adaptation-plans (accessed on 4 August 2023).
- Ministry for the Environment. Strategia Nazionale di Adattamento ai Cambiamenti Climatici. Available online: https://www.mite.gov.it/notizie/strategia-nazionale-di-adattamento-ai-cambiamenti-climatici-0 (accessed on 4 August 2023).
- Grimmond, S.; Bouchet, V.; Molina, L.T.; Baklanov, A.; Tan, J.; Schlünzen, K.H.; Mills, G.; Golding, B.; Masson, V.; Ren, C.; et al. Integrated Urban Hydrometeorological, Climate and Environmental Services: Concept, Methodology and Key Messages. Urban Clim. 2020, 33, 100623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- WMO. Guidance on Integrated Urban Hydrometeorological, Climate and Environmental Services—Volume II: Demonstration Cities; WMO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Climate Adapt—Sharing Adaptation Information across Europe, Urban Adaptation Support Tool, 5. Implementing Adaptation. Available online: https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/knowledge/tools/urban-ast/step-5-2 (accessed on 4 August 2023).
- Guolo, F.; Stivanello, E.; Pizzi, L.; Georgiadis, T.; Cremonini, L.; Musti, M.A.; Nardino, M.; Ferretti, F.; Marzaroli, P.; Perlangeli, V.; et al. Emergency Department Visits and Summer Temperatures in Bologna, Northern Italy, 2010–2019: A Case-Crossover Study and Geographically Weighted Regression Methods. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 15592. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bruse, M.; Fleer, H. Simulating Surface–Plant–Air Interactions inside Urban Environments with a Three Dimensional Numerical Model. Environ. Model. Softw. 1998, 13, 373–384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cremonini, L.; Nardino, M.; Georgiadis, T. The Utilization of the WMO-1234 Guidance to Improve Citizen’s Wellness and Health: An Italian Perspective. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 15056. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nardino, M.; Cremonini, L.; Georgiadis, T.; Mandanici, E.; Bitelli, G. Microclimate Classification of Bologna (Italy) as a Support Tool for Urban Services and Regeneration. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4898. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Municipality of Bologna. Territorial Information System. Available online: https://sit.comune.bologna.it/alfresco/d/d/workspace/SpacesStore/a45d9c92-90cb-4bc0-bc1b-3ce6f943ac8c/Fragilita_microclimatica.pdf (accessed on 4 August 2023).
- Staiger, H.; Laschewski, G.; Matzarakis, A. Selection of Appropriate Thermal Indices for Applications in Human Biometeorological Studies. Atmosphere 2019, 10, 18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Municipality of Bologna. Discipline of the General Urban Plan of the Municipality of Bologna. Available online: http://sit.comune.bologna.it/alfresco/d/d/workspace/SpacesStore/17a5f006-62e2-4364-8cec-bedc075ca833/DisciplinaDelPiano_APPRweb.pdf (accessed on 4 August 2023).
- Nardino, M.; Cremonini, L.; Crisci, A.; Georgiadis, T.; Guerri, G.; Morabito, M.; Fiorillo, E. Mapping Daytime Thermal Patterns of Bologna Municipality (Italy) during a Heatwave: A New Methodology for Cities Adaptation to Global Climate Change. Urban Clim. 2022, 46, 101317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zaccagni, L.; Toselli, S.; Barbieri, D. Physical Activity during COVID-19 Lockdown in Italy: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pazzini, M.; Corticelli, R.; Lantieri, C.; Mazzoli, C. Multi-Criteria Analysis and Decision-Making Approach for the Urban Regeneration: The Application to the Rimini Canal Port (Italy). Sustainability 2023, 15, 772. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Urban services | Urban services refer to transportation, housing, water and waste management, snow clearance, and so forth. Services may be provided directly through country member operations or indirectly through stakeholders or partners in public and private agencies. Services include weather forecasts, extreme event monitoring, and climate services for building codes, zoning, planning, and design. Integrated urban services inherently have high resolution and are provided at roughly the spatial scale of the urban footprint and at smaller scales. However, they are highly dependent on the application, requirements, and local and regional factors. The urban domain may include surrounding areas, nearby cities, connection roads, rural watersheds, and industries in order to capture their impacts. Planning in major metropolitan areas will affect housing, transportation, and recreation. |
Nature-based solutions | NBS are the best solutions for cities. An ecosystems approach for urban design considers blue and green solutions—where blue refers to adding water elements and green refers to adding trees and parks—and requires weather, climate, hydrological, and air quality information for design and management. |
Urban services and city design | Capacity building is a basic step for the adoption of integrated urban services concepts by different professionals (architects, engineers, urbanists, policymakers, etc.) engaged in city resilience efforts. The understanding of tools provided by science is also crucial and must be included as part of academic curricula for urban designers. Databases and existing models should be organized in such a way that they can be easily accessible by and useful to professionals. Knowledge and sharing of the data repository and models on existing examples of applications should be organized to promote direct access to such tools.Forecasting of water resource availability is fundamental in managing the establishment and functioning of blue solutions during dangerous incidents such as floods. To face city heat waves, it is also important to design a proper texture of the city itself (for example, regarding the placement of hospitals, schools, or commercial centers) and foster green design to activate secure pathways for fragile populations. In addition to climate information, and to the introduction of NBS solutions, correct planning and design can greatly benefit from a tailored selection of microclimate-conditioning materials. |
Internal Organization | Regulations |
---|---|
Reinforced urban centers Areas/sectors dedicated to the involvement of the community Urban marketing … | Civic volunteering (single/associative) Citizenship workshops Participatory processes Collaboration agreements … |
Dedicated Facilities | Hybridization of Representative Democracy |
Foundations Agencies In-house companies … | Participatory budgets Deliberative assemblies … |
Solutions |
---|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Cremonini, L.; Georgiadis, T.; Nardino, M.; Rossi, F.; Rossi, A.; Pinca, G.; Fazzini, M. Tools for Urban Climate Adaptation Plans: A Case Study on Bologna and Outcomes for Heat Wave Impact Reduction. Challenges 2023, 14, 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/challe14040048
Cremonini L, Georgiadis T, Nardino M, Rossi F, Rossi A, Pinca G, Fazzini M. Tools for Urban Climate Adaptation Plans: A Case Study on Bologna and Outcomes for Heat Wave Impact Reduction. Challenges. 2023; 14(4):48. https://doi.org/10.3390/challe14040048
Chicago/Turabian StyleCremonini, Letizia, Teodoro Georgiadis, Marianna Nardino, Federica Rossi, Alessandro Rossi, Giovanna Pinca, and Massimiliano Fazzini. 2023. "Tools for Urban Climate Adaptation Plans: A Case Study on Bologna and Outcomes for Heat Wave Impact Reduction" Challenges 14, no. 4: 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/challe14040048