Glutathione S-Transferases in Marine Copepods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Glutathione S-Transferase Activity in Response to Environmental Stressors
Species | GST | Stress | Response | Approach | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tigriopus japonicus | GST | Water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of crude oil | Increase | a | [11] |
GST | WAF of crude oil | Increase | d | [12] | |
GST | Endocrine disruptor chemicals (i.e., 4,4′-octylphenol and polychlorinated biphenyl) | Increase for 4,4′-octylphenol and decrease for polychlorinated biphenyl | a, c | [13] | |
GST | Heavy metals (e.g., manganese, copper, nickel, cadmium, silver, and arsenic) | Increase | a, c, d | [10,14,15,16,17,50] | |
GST | Brominated flame retardants (e.g., hexabromocyclododecanes) | Increase | a | [18] | |
GST sigma, GST omega, GST mu, GST delta/epsilon | β-Naphtoflavone | Increase | a | [20] | |
GST theta | Triclosan | Increase | a, d | [21] | |
GST | Hydrogen peroxide | Increase | a, d | [14] | |
Ten GSTs | Hydrogen peroxide and trace metals (i.e., silver, arsenic, cadmium, and copper) | GST sigma was the most up-regulated | a | [51] | |
GST | Triphenyltin | Down | a | [23] | |
GST | Cypermethrin | Increase | a, d | [22] | |
GST | Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are nanoparticles widely applicable in various industrial fields. | Down | c, d | [24] | |
GST | Low pH | Increase | a, d | [19] | |
GST-kappa, GST-mu5, and GST-omega | Toxin-producing dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum | Up | a | [40] | |
GST | Two diatoms, Chaetoceros muelleri and Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima | No variation | d | [46] | |
Tigriopus californicus | GSTs | Hydrogen peroxide and paraquat | Up/Down | b | [25] |
GSTs | Hydrogen peroxide and yeast diet | Up only in males | b | [26] | |
Paracyclopina nana | GST | Cypermethrin | Increase | a, d | [22] |
GST | Copper | Increase | d | [10] | |
GST | Methylmercury | Increase in activity, no variation in gene expression | a, c, d, | [36] | |
GST | Polystyrene microbeads | Increase | d | [35] | |
Eurytemora affinis | GST activity | Hydrophobic organic contaminant (HOC) | Increase | d | [27] |
Calanus finmarchicus | GST | Naphtalene | Up | a | [29] |
GST | Dispersed oil | Up | a | [30] | |
GST | Water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of oil | Up | a | [11] | |
GST | Mercury | Increase | a | [28] | |
Three cytosolic GSTs and an omega GST | Alexandrium fundyense | Up | b | [39] | |
Calanus glacialis | GST | Water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of oil | Up | a | [11] |
GST | Mercury | Increase | a | [28] | |
Calanus helgolandicus | GST | Skeletonema marinoi | Up-regulation for the Swedish copepod population | a | [42] |
Microsomal GST3 | Skeletonema marinoi | Up | a, b | [41] | |
GST | Sampling cruise in the Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea) when a natural diatom bloom was observed | Up | a | [43] | |
GST | Karenia brevis | Down | a | [44] | |
Calanus sinicus | GST | Skeletonema marinoi | No variation | a | [45] |
Calanus pacificus | GST | California West Coast Ocean Acidification Cruise Current System (effect of pH and temperature) | High GST activity | c, d | [49] |
Centropages ponticus | GST | Cadmium chloride | Increase | d | [31] |
Centropages tenuiremis | GST | Acidified seawater | No significant differences | c, d | [47] |
Acartia tonsa | GST-theta and GST-mu | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) 1,2-dimethylnaphthalene | Increase | a | [32] |
GST | Two-week field survey (effect of pH and temperature) | GST activity was higher in week II compared to week I, and, in particular, it was higher in the surface compared to the other depths for both weeks. | c, d | [48] | |
Acartia bifilosa | GST | Two-week field survey (effect of pH and temperature) | GST activity was higher in week II compared to week I, and, in particular, it was higher in the surface compared to the other depths for both weeks. | c, d | [48] |
Acartia pacifica | GST | Two diatoms, Chaetoceros muelleri and Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima | Increase with C. muelleri | d | [46] |
Pseudodiaptomus poplesia | GST delta/epsilon and GST theta | PAH 1,2-dimethylnaphthalene, pyrene | GST delta/epsilon up-regulation for both stressors, GST theta only for 1,2-dimethylnaphthalene | a | [33] |
Pseudodiaptomus annandalei | GST | Two diatoms, Chaetoceros muelleri and Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima | Increase with both algae | d | [46] |
Eudiaptomus gracilis | GST | Ultraviolet radiation | Increase | d | [52] |
Caligus rogercressereyi | GST | Delousing drug deltamethrin (AlphaMaxTM) | Down | b | [37] |
Lepeophtheirus salmonis | Microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 | Various lice stages from egg to adult lice | Constitutive transcript level throughout the studied development stages, with the highest levels in the ovaries or gut | a, b | [38] |
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lauritano, C.; Carotenuto, Y.; Roncalli, V. Glutathione S-Transferases in Marine Copepods. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 1025. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9091025
Lauritano C, Carotenuto Y, Roncalli V. Glutathione S-Transferases in Marine Copepods. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021; 9(9):1025. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9091025
Chicago/Turabian StyleLauritano, Chiara, Ylenia Carotenuto, and Vittoria Roncalli. 2021. "Glutathione S-Transferases in Marine Copepods" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 9: 1025. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9091025