Dynamic Coastal-Shelf Seascapes to Support Marine Policies Using Operational Coastal Oceanography: The French Example
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Numerical Model
2.2. Model Set-Up
2.3. Model Outputs: EOVs and Derived Variables
2.4. Statistical Analyses
2.4.1. Database
2.4.2. Clustering Algorithm
2.4.3. Patch Characterization
2.4.4. Seascape Unit Definition
3. Results
3.1. Pattern Analysis
3.2. Hydrographical Patches Characteristics: Relating Statistical Patches with Abiotic Process
3.3. Seascape Units
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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EOV | Sub-EOV | Abr. | Units |
---|---|---|---|
Surface temperature | SST | °C | |
Surface salinity | SSS | PSU | |
Surface temperature and subsurface temperature | Mixed layer depth | MLD | m |
Deficit of potential energy | DPE | kg m−1 s−2 | |
SST gradient | GRADSST | °C m−1 | |
SSS gradient | GRADSSS | PSU m−1 | |
Surface current | Root mean square of filtered current | RMS_FILT | m s−1 |
Root mean square of tidal current | RMS_TIDE | m s−1 | |
Okubo–Weiss criterion | OW | s−2 | |
Relative vorticity | RVORT | s−2 | |
Eddy kinetic energy | EKE | m2 s−2 | |
Mean kinetic energy | MKE | m2 s−2 |
EOVs | Patch 1 | Patch 2 | Patch 3 | Patch 4 | Patch 5 | Patch 6 | Patch 7 | Patch 8 | Patch 9 | Patch 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SST | 3.7 | 1.3 | 20.3 | 2.9 | 3.7 | 2.7 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 2.2 | 3.6 |
SSS | 5.5 | 5.1 | 0.2 | 49.3 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 3.8 | 55.9 | 2.0 | 11.6 |
MLD | 10.3 | 65.3 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 5.9 | 4.1 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 4.9 | 11.7 |
DPE | 54.5 | 2.9 | 40.3 | 3.6 | 5.1 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 28.9 |
GRADSST | 7.9 | 9.1 | 33.2 | 1.0 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 1.3 |
GRADSSS | 1.4 | 2.5 | 1.6 | 32.5 | 0.3 | 4.0 | 0.4 | 41.9 | 5.8 | 14.2 |
RMS_FILT | 4.5 | 4.0 | 2.2 | 0.4 | 10.0 | 1.6 | 2.8 | 0.1 | 68.3 | 6.7 |
RMS_TIDE | 4.5 | 3.4 | 0.4 | 7.4 | 52.8 | 2.2 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 16.5 |
OW | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 1.7 | 41.6 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 1.2 |
RVORT | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 3.2 | 17.0 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.6 |
EKE | 5.3 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 8.6 | 4.3 | 86.1 | 0.1 | 1.8 | 1.3 |
MKE | 2.1 | 4.0 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 5.0 | 17.5 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 8.7 | 2.4 |
EOV Name | ≤25th | ]25th;50th] | ]50th;75th] | >75th |
---|---|---|---|---|
SST | ≤11.4 cold | cool | moderate | >15.9 warm |
SSS | ≤30 estuarine waters | ROFI waters | shelf waters | >35 oceanic waters (full salinity) |
MLD | ≤7.6 unmixed | low mixed water | moderate mixed | >95.4 well mixed |
DPE | ≤0.7 unstratified | low stratified water | moderate stratified water | >73.9 well stratified water |
log(GRADSST) | 11.6 no SST fronts | low SST front | moderate SST fronts | >−10.5 high SST fronts |
log(GRADSSS) | 13.6 no SSS fronts | low SSS front | moderate SSS fronts | >−11.8 high SSS fronts |
RMS_FILT | ≤0.045 very low currents | low current | moderate current | >0.08 high current |
RMS_TIDE | ≤0.2 very low tidal flow | low tidal flow | moderate tidal flow | >0.5 high tidal flow |
log(abs(RVORT)) | 14 no vortex | low vortex | moderate vortex | >−12.4 high vortex |
EKE | ≤6.1 no turbulence | low turbulent water | moderate turbulent water | >18.7 highly turbulent water |
Patch Number | Season | SST | SSS | MLD | DPE | GRADSST | GRADSSS | RMS_FILT | RMS_TIDE | RVORT | EKE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | winter | moderate | oceanic | well mixed | moderate stratified | low | moderate | moderate | very low | low | moderate |
1 | spring | cool | oceanic | low mixed | moderate stratified | moderate | high | low | very low | low | moderate |
1 | summer | warm | shelf | unmixed | well stratified | high | high | low | very low | low | low |
1 | autumn | warm | oceanic | low mixed | well stratified | moderate | moderate | low | very low | low | moderate |
2 | winter | cold | shelf | well mixed | low stratified | high | high | moderate | low | moderate | moderate |
2 | spring | cold | shelf | low mixed | moderate stratified | high | high | low | low | moderate | moderate |
2 | summer | warm | shelf | low mixed | moderate stratified | high | high | low | low | moderate | low |
2 | autumn | warm | shelf | moderate mixed | moderate stratified | high | high | low | low | moderate | low |
3 | winter | cool | oceanic | well mixed | low stratified | low | low | moderate | moderate | low | moderate |
3 | spring | cold | oceanic | moderate mixed | low stratified | low | low | low | moderate | low | moderate |
3 | summer | warm | oceanic | unmixed | well stratified | low | low | low | low | low | low |
3 | autumn | moderate | oceanic | low mixed | well stratified | low | low | moderate | moderate | low | moderate |
4 | winter | cold | ROFI | low mixed | moderate stratified | high | high | low | very low | moderate | moderate |
4 | spring | cool | ROFI | low mixed | moderate stratified | high | high | very low | very low | low | low |
4 | summer | warm | ROFI | low mixed | moderate stratified | high | high | very low | very low | moderate | very low |
4 | autumn | moderate | ROFI | low mixed | moderate stratified | high | high | low | very low | moderate | low |
5 | winter | cold | oceanic | well mixed | unstratified | moderate | moderate | high | high | moderate | high |
5 | spring | cold | oceanic | well mixed | low stratified | low | moderate | high | high | high | high |
5 | summer | moderate | oceanic | moderate mixed | low stratified | moderate | low | high | high | moderate | high |
5 | autumn | moderate | oceanic | well mixed | low stratified | moderate | low | high | high | high | high |
6 | winter | cold | oceanic | well mixed | unstratified | moderate | low | high | high | high | high |
6 | spring | cold | oceanic | well mixed | low stratified | low | moderate | high | high | high | high |
6 | summer | moderate | oceanic | moderate mixed | low stratified | high | low | high | high | high | high |
6 | autumn | moderate | oceanic | well mixed | low stratified | moderate | low | high | high | high | high |
7 | winter | cold | oceanic | well mixed | low stratified | moderate | moderate | high | moderate | high | high |
7 | spring | cold | shelf | moderate mixed | low stratified | moderate | high | high | moderate | high | high |
7 | summer | moderate | shelf | low mixed | moderate stratified | high | high | high | high | high | high |
7 | autumn | moderate | shelf | moderate mixed | moderate stratified | moderate | moderate | high | high | high | high |
8 | winter | cold | estuary | low mixed | well stratified | high | high | low | very low | moderate | very low |
8 | spring | cold | estuary | low mixed | well stratified | high | high | very low | very low | moderate | very low |
8 | summer | warm | estuary | low mixed | moderate stratified | high | high | very low | low | moderate | very low |
8 | autumn | warm | estuary | moderate mixed | moderate stratified | high | high | very low | low | moderate | very low |
9 | winter | moderate | oceanic | moderate mixed | moderate stratified | moderate | moderate | high | very low | moderate | high |
9 | spring | moderate | oceanic | low mixed | moderate stratified | moderate | moderate | high | very low | moderate | high |
9 | summer | warm | oceanic | unmixed | well stratified | high | high | high | very low | high | high |
9 | autumn | warm | oceanic | low mixed | well stratified | high | high | high | very low | high | high |
10 | winter | cold | oceanic | well mixed | unstratified | moderate | low | moderate | high | moderate | moderate |
10 | spring | cold | oceanic | moderate mixed | low stratified | low | low | moderate | high | moderate | moderate |
10 | summer | moderate | oceanic | low mixed | moderate stratified | high | low | moderate | high | moderate | moderate |
10 | autumn | moderate | oceanic | moderate mixed | moderate stratified | moderate | low | moderate | high | moderate | moderate |
Seascape | Patch | Patch Proportion | Patch Area (km2) |
---|---|---|---|
Bay of Biscay | S1 BB | 0.53 | 42,691.8 |
Bay of Biscay | S2 BB | 0.19 | 15,562.8 |
Bay of Biscay | S3 BB | 0.17 | 13,270.2 |
Bay of Biscay | S4-1 BB | 0.04 | 3230.7 |
Bay of Biscay | S4-2 BB | 0.03 | 2726.7 |
Bay of Biscay | S4-3 BB | <0.01 | 283.0 |
Bay of Biscay | S5 BB | <0.01 | 67.1 |
Bay of Biscay | S6 BB | <0.01 | 17.9 |
Bay of Biscay | S8-1 BB | <0.01 | 259.0 |
Bay of Biscay | S8-2 BB | 0.01 | 403.5 |
Bay of Biscay | S9 BB | 0.01 | 728.7 |
Bay of Biscay | S10 BB | 0.01 | 660.7 |
Celtic Seas | S2 CS | 0.02 | 839.1 |
Celtic Seas | S3 CS | 0.55 | 21,108.3 |
Celtic Seas | S5 CS | 0.06 | 2460.4 |
Celtic Seas | S6 CS | 0.01 | 438.2 |
Celtic Seas | S10 CS | 0.36 | 13,801.6 |
English Channel–North Sea | S2 EC_NS | 0.38 | 9170.0 |
English Channel–North Sea | S4 EC_NS | 0.04 | 987.9 |
English Channel–North Sea | S5 EC_NS | 0.26 | 6254.8 |
English Channel–North Sea | S6 EC_NS | 0.02 | 404.1 |
English Channel–North Sea | S7 EC_NS | 0.03 | 812.4 |
English Channel–North Sea | S8 EC_NS | <0.01 | 178.7 |
English Channel–North Sea | S10 EC_NS | 0.27 | 6568.0 |
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Tew-Kai, E.; Quilfen, V.; Cachera, M.; Boutet, M. Dynamic Coastal-Shelf Seascapes to Support Marine Policies Using Operational Coastal Oceanography: The French Example. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8, 585. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8080585
Tew-Kai E, Quilfen V, Cachera M, Boutet M. Dynamic Coastal-Shelf Seascapes to Support Marine Policies Using Operational Coastal Oceanography: The French Example. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2020; 8(8):585. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8080585
Chicago/Turabian StyleTew-Kai, Emilie, Victor Quilfen, Marie Cachera, and Martial Boutet. 2020. "Dynamic Coastal-Shelf Seascapes to Support Marine Policies Using Operational Coastal Oceanography: The French Example" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 8: 585. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8080585