The Active Reef Restoration Toolbox is a Vehicle for Coral Resilience and Adaptation in a Changing World
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Defining the Toolbox
2.1. Improved Gardening Methodologies
2.2. Ecological Engineering
2.3. Assisted Migration/Colonization
2.4. Assisted Genetics/Evolution
2.5. Assisted Microbiome
2.6. Epigenetics
2.7. Coral Chimerism
3. Discussion
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Avenue | Types of Coral Adaptation | Citations |
---|---|---|
Improved gardening methods | Development of various nursery types, adapted for a wide range of needs, improving coral self-attachment; using coral fragments without polyps; clustering of transplants improves outcomes; choosing favorable/improved substrates/coating, caging for recently settled spat—to enhance early post-settlement survival; spat feeding in ex situ nurseries for enhanced growth/survival; improved nursery maintenance by using environmentally friendly antifouling; increasing stocks of larvae from brooding coral species; improving seeding approaches; techniques for improved survival of coral propagules. | [25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44] |
Ecological engineering | Use of herbivorous fish/invertebrates for improved nursery maintenance; animal-assisted cleaning; engineering of larval supply through transplantation of nursery-farmed gravid colonies; transplantation of ecological engineering species; development of larval hubs and ‘artificial spawning hotspots’; tiling the reef; nubbin fusions for enlarged colonies; micro-fragmentation; serially positioning nurseries to create new mid-water coral biological corridors through stepping stone mechanisms; using dietary habits of grazers as biological controls of fouling macroalgae; large scale restoration acts; enhanced calcification/survival rates via seawater electrolysis. | [1,25,26,27,28,32,39,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61] |
Assisted migration/colonization | Moving species outside their historic ranges may mitigate loss of biodiversity in the face of global climate change. | [62,63,64] |
Assisted genetics/evolution | Enhanced coral adaptation, manipulating of algal symbionts to increase coral resistance to bleaching; using temperature tolerant genotypes; applying interspecific and intraspecific hybridization; using coral nurseries as genetic repositories. | [57,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71] |
Assisted microbiome | Adaptation by changing bacterial communities living in tissues, mucus layers and substrates to settle at the shortest timeframe of days/weeks; coral “microbial-therapy” and microbiome inoculation; improved nutrient cycles; contributing to coral host tolerance of thermal stress. | [72,73,74,75] |
Epigenetics | Creation of novel alleles and traits that can better withstand environmental changes; developing resistance towards adverse conditions. | [46,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83] |
Chimerism | Enhanced growth and survival of spat/small colonies; countering the erosion of genetic and phenotypic diversity; high flexibility of chimeric entities on somatic constituents following changes in environmental conditions; the chimera synergistically presents the best-fitting combination of genetic components to environmental challenges; facilitating the healing of exposed coral skeletons | [84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91] |
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Rinkevich, B. The Active Reef Restoration Toolbox is a Vehicle for Coral Resilience and Adaptation in a Changing World. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7, 201. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7070201
Rinkevich B. The Active Reef Restoration Toolbox is a Vehicle for Coral Resilience and Adaptation in a Changing World. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2019; 7(7):201. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7070201
Chicago/Turabian StyleRinkevich, Baruch. 2019. "The Active Reef Restoration Toolbox is a Vehicle for Coral Resilience and Adaptation in a Changing World" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 7: 201. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7070201