Watching the Beach Steadily Disappearing: The Evolution of Understanding of Retrogressive Breach Failures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Historical Overview of the RBF Phenomenon
2.1. History of the Flow Slide Threat in the Netherlands
2.2. Terzaghi and the Origin of the Term ‘Zettingsvloeiing’
2.3. Liquefaction or Breaching?
2.4. Retrogressive Bank Failures in the Mississippi River, USA
3. Recent Case Studies of RBF Events from Around the World
3.1. RBF Events in Queensland, Australia
3.2. Plaat van Walsoorden Flood Control Test, Netherlands
3.3. Ameland Southwest Beach Collapses, Netherlands
3.4. Coastal Erosion and Associated RBF Events at Cap Ferret, France
3.5. Internet Video Search Results
4. The Modern Understanding of Retrogressive Breach Failures (RBF)
4.1. The Breaching Mechanism
4.2. The Density Current
4.3. Anatomy of an RBF Event
- (1)
- A geotechnical element: The ‘shear dilatancy’ or ‘breaching effect’ taking place within the sand skeleton itself, causing suction, which stabilizes the retrogressing sand wall, at slopes much steeper than the natural angle of internal friction. This requires the sand to be sufficiently densely packed (dilatant) and water saturated. The breach sheds a constant supply of ‘raining’ sand particles into the water that produces a dense mixture of sand and water.
- (2)
- A hydrodynamic element: This is characterized by the generation of a turbulent density current mixing and carrying suspended sand grains downslope and is governed by slope geometry and sand characteristics. The sand must be fine grained (low fall velocity) so that the density current can carry the grains some distance away before they again settle out of suspension. The breach must be high enough to provide enough sand and energy for turbulent mixing of the sand grains with ambient water to generate a homogeneous, denser than water suspension.
5. Modern Flow Slide Protection and Coastal Defense Strategies
- (a)
- a filter-construction of fine and coarse gravel installed directly on the sand. In this test, the retrogression of the breach was immediately smothered by falling loose rocks covering the breach.
- (b)
- the same protection layer but laid on top of a permeable geotextile membrane. In this test, undermining by breaching continued steadily under the membrane until, after some hours, the complete slope had been degraded, and the natural angle of repose reached.
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Location | Year/Date | Volume | Channel Depth | Retrogression Length | Latitude | Longitude | Video Internet URL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
- | - | 1000 m3 | m | m | ° | ° | - |
Amity Point, QL, Australia | 17-8-2014 | - | 14 | 210 | 27°23′35″S | 153°26′23″E | - |
Amity Point, QL, Australia | 2017 | - | - | - | 27°23′35″S | 153°26′23″E | - |
Inskip Point, QL, Australia | 2005 | - | - | - | 25°48′31″S | 153°03′38″E | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ILptlF7P6LI |
Inskip Point, QL, Australia | 26-6-2011 | - | - | - | 25°48′31″S | 153°03′38″E | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I9ieYvYdvdw |
Inskip Point, QL, Australia | 26-9-2015 | - | 22 | 330 | 25°48′32.96″S | 153°3′39.93″E | https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/car-and-caravan-in-sinkhole-at-qld-beach-20150927-gjvq44.html |
Inskip Point, QL, Australia | 2-4-2016 | - | - | 300 | 25°48′31″S | 153°03′38″E | https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=12&v=cqGi2S69XLs |
Inskip Point, QL, Australia | 24-9-2018 | - | - | - | 25°48′31.11″S | 153°3′4.90″E | https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-09-24/inskip-point-beach-collapses-into-the-ocean/10297840 |
Jumpinpin, NSW, Australia | 24-11-2016 | - | 20 | 300 | 27°43′43.50″S | 153°26′57.52″E | https://globalnews.ca/video/2363621/sinkhole-as-big-as-a-football-field-opens-up-on-australian-beach/ |
Pelican, NSW, Australia | 8-2-2016 | - | 6 | 90 | 33°04′06″S | 151°38′30″E | - |
Cap Ferret, Bassin d’Arcachon, France | 8-2-2018 | - | 22 | 330 | 44°37′17.32″N | 1°14′44.49″W | https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/nouvelle-aquitaine/gironde/arcachon/video-cap-ferret-littoral-interdit-face-au-risque-effondrement-1621487.html |
Ameland SW, Netherlands | 10-3-2017 | 12 | 14 | 210 | 53°25′56.63″N | 5°37′34.32″E | - |
Ameland SW, Netherlands | 3-11-2017 | - | - | - | 53°25′56.63″N | 5°37′34.32″E | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zKKvYitUsj8 |
Ameland SW, Netherlands | 11-11-2017 | - | - | - | 53°25′56.63″N | 5°37′34.32″E | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQfbTkmJg8s |
Ameland SW, Netherlands | 16-11-2017 | - | - | - | 53°25′56.63″N | 5°37′34.32″E | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rD6tAmoxyeE |
Ameland SW, Netherlands | 27-1-2019 | - | - | - | 53°25Ȃ48.20″N | 5°37′47.82″E | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vubgtLRbkho |
Ameland SW, Netherlands | 8-3-2019 | - | - | - | 53°25′56.63″N | 5°37′34.32″E | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vZERSlpQpdg |
Oost-Vlieland, Netherlands | 1-2-2006 | 18 | 20 | 300 | 53°17′43.05″N | 5°5′34.83″E | - |
Eastern Scheldt Barrier, Netherlands | 2007 | 850 | 30 | 450 | 51°36′59.26″N | 3°40′31.26″E | - |
Hoofdplaatpolder, Netherlands | 10-6-1964 | - | 30 | 208 | 51°22′51.39″N | 3°37′3.32″E | - |
Oud Noord-Bevelandse Polder, Neth. | 11-8-1881 | - | 34 | 185 | 51°36′18.30″N | 3°47′53.01″E | - |
Plaat van Ossenisse, Netherlands | 2018 | 1100 | 37 | 555 | 51°25′34.42″N | 4°0′12.74″E | - |
Plaat van Walsoorden, Netherlands | 1-10-2014 | 60 | 6 | 90 | 51°22′38.02″N | 4°4′5.45″E | - |
Plaat van Walsoorden, Netherlands | 22-7-2014 | 850 | 25 | 375 | 51°22′42.10″N | 4°4′1.70″E | - |
Vlietepolder, Netherlands | 10-3-1864 | 195 | 24 | 320 | 51°36′2.03″N | 3°45′27.86″E | - |
Vlietepolder, Netherlands | 28-10-1886 | 540 | 40 | 380 | 51°35′55.53″N | 3°44′57.32″E | - |
Candelaria, Zambales, Philippines | 23-6-2013 | - | - | - | 15°38′31.99″N | 119°55′27.54″E | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k736TXjVij0 |
Celotex, LA, USA | 30-7-1985 | 230 | 36 | 540 | 29°54′14.99″N | 90°7′0.59″W | - |
Free Negro Point, LA, USA | 24-3-1949 | - | - | - | 30°30′48.98″N | 91°12′43.24″W | - |
Montz, LA, USA | 1973 | - | - | - | 30°0′13.48″N | 90°27′57.58″W | - |
Fort Popham, MN, USA | 18-3-2011 | - | - | - | 43°45′11.44″N | 69°47′0.23″W | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BEN5SR0yXfU |
North Wildwood, NJ, USA | 19-9-2012 | - | - | - | 39°0′39.02″N | 74°47′29.92″W | https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Severe-Beach-Erosion-in-North-Wildwood-170430206.html |
Seabrook Island, SC, USA | 15-7-2016 | - | - | - | 32°33′34.99″N | 80°10′41.30″W | - |
Nerlerk Berm, Canada | 1983 | - | - | - | 70°6′26.09″N | 134°51′3.54″W | - |
Jamuna river, India | 1999 | - | - | - | 24°23′50.41″N | 89°45′46.24″E | - |
Fraser river, Canada | 1985 | - | - | - | 49°7′28.42″N | 123°12′37.87″W | - |
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Mastbergen, D.R.; Beinssen, K.; Nédélec, Y. Watching the Beach Steadily Disappearing: The Evolution of Understanding of Retrogressive Breach Failures. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7, 368. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7100368
Mastbergen DR, Beinssen K, Nédélec Y. Watching the Beach Steadily Disappearing: The Evolution of Understanding of Retrogressive Breach Failures. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2019; 7(10):368. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7100368
Chicago/Turabian StyleMastbergen, Dick R., Konrad Beinssen, and Yves Nédélec. 2019. "Watching the Beach Steadily Disappearing: The Evolution of Understanding of Retrogressive Breach Failures" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 10: 368. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7100368
APA StyleMastbergen, D. R., Beinssen, K., & Nédélec, Y. (2019). Watching the Beach Steadily Disappearing: The Evolution of Understanding of Retrogressive Breach Failures. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 7(10), 368. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7100368