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Volume 14
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10.3390/jmse14020225
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

A Driver’s Bumpy Feeling Reproducing Model Applied to the Six-Degree-of-Freedom Ship Simulation Driving Equipment

by
Quanzheng Wang
1,
Xiaoyuan Wang
1,2,*,
Jingheng Wang
3,*,
Tinglin Chen
1,
Han Zhang
1,
Kai Feng
1,
Junlin Li
1,
Yabin Li
4 and
Yuhan Jiang
2
1
College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China
2
Intelligent Shipping Technology Innovation and Comprehensive Experimental Base, Qingdao 266000, China
3
Department of Mathematics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220, USA
4
Qingdao Institute of Shipping Development Innovation, Qingdao 266000, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14(2), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14020225
Submission received: 30 December 2025 / Revised: 17 January 2026 / Accepted: 20 January 2026 / Published: 21 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management and Control of Ship Traffic Behaviours)
Versions Notes

Abstract

With the continuous development of global intelligent shipping technology, in fields such as virtual testing of intelligent ships and crew training and assessment, there is an urgent need for a highly realistic model to reproduce the driver’s bumpy feeling of ship drivers. Due to the limited travel of the six-degree-of-freedom platform, the platform is unable to provide continuous acceleration during the simulation of the driver’s body sensation in the three degrees of freedom of the ship, namely, sway, surge, and yaw. To overcome the above problems, a six-degree-of-freedom motion model of ships is constructed under low sea conditions based on the MMG-separated ship motion model and the FFT wave simulation method. Secondly, the otolith model and the semicircular canal model are introduced to establish a human body perception deception mechanism. The gravity is transferred by using the deflection angles of roll and pitch to extend the acceleration sensation in the three degrees of freedom of sway, surge, and yaw. Finally, through the real ship rotation and Z-shaped test experiments, the simulation trajectory, real ship attitude, and platform motion data are compared to verify the effectiveness of the established method. To simplify the research, under the low sea conditions where the three degrees of freedom of heave, roll, and pitch are ignored, the virtual ship simulation trajectory based on the above method is basically consistent with the real ship, and the correlation between the platform and the real ship body-sensing data is at least 81.2%. Through scoring the simulation driving body-sensing reproduction experience, it is proven that the above method can achieve a better body-sensing reproduction effect on the six-degree-of-freedom platform.
Keywords: ship driving simulation equipment; ship motion model; otolith model; semicircular canal model ship driving simulation equipment; ship motion model; otolith model; semicircular canal model

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Wang, Q.; Wang, X.; Wang, J.; Chen, T.; Zhang, H.; Feng, K.; Li, J.; Li, Y.; Jiang, Y. A Driver’s Bumpy Feeling Reproducing Model Applied to the Six-Degree-of-Freedom Ship Simulation Driving Equipment. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14, 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14020225

AMA Style

Wang Q, Wang X, Wang J, Chen T, Zhang H, Feng K, Li J, Li Y, Jiang Y. A Driver’s Bumpy Feeling Reproducing Model Applied to the Six-Degree-of-Freedom Ship Simulation Driving Equipment. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2026; 14(2):225. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14020225

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Quanzheng, Xiaoyuan Wang, Jingheng Wang, Tinglin Chen, Han Zhang, Kai Feng, Junlin Li, Yabin Li, and Yuhan Jiang. 2026. "A Driver’s Bumpy Feeling Reproducing Model Applied to the Six-Degree-of-Freedom Ship Simulation Driving Equipment" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 14, no. 2: 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14020225

APA Style

Wang, Q., Wang, X., Wang, J., Chen, T., Zhang, H., Feng, K., Li, J., Li, Y., & Jiang, Y. (2026). A Driver’s Bumpy Feeling Reproducing Model Applied to the Six-Degree-of-Freedom Ship Simulation Driving Equipment. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 14(2), 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14020225

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