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Volume 13
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10.3390/jmse13112093
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Numerical Analysis of Impact-Freezing and Spreading Dynamics of Supercooled Saline Droplets on Offshore Wind Turbine Blades Using the VOF–Enthalpy–Porosity Method

by
Guanyu Chen
1,2,
Huan Xia
1,
Xu Bai
1,*,
Daolei Wu
1 and
Baolong Lin
1
1
School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
2
Anhui Wangjiang Yangtze River Channel Administration, Anqing 246200, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(11), 2093; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13112093
Submission received: 10 October 2025 / Revised: 30 October 2025 / Accepted: 30 October 2025 / Published: 3 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Marine Engineering Hydrodynamics, 2nd Edition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The impact-freezing phenomenon of supercooled saline droplets on cold surfaces poses a serious threat to the operational stability and structural integrity of offshore wind turbines. Compared to freshwater droplets, numerical models for analyzing the impact-freezing behavior of saline droplets typically involve complex physical mechanisms, resulting in high computational costs. This study employs a simplified two-dimensional axisymmetric numerical model that integrates the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method with the enthalpy–porosity approach, enabling rapid analysis of the saline droplet impact-freezing process under marine environmental conditions. The model is validated by comparing the spreading factor curve of saline droplets with a salinity of 35‰ against existing experimental data. Results show that the salinity corresponding to the peak relative deviation shifts with varying impact parameters, depending on the competition between impact dynamics and solidification. Furthermore, the maximum spreading factor decreases with increasing supercooling degree and contact angle but increases with higher Weber number. These findings provide useful correction parameters for improving existing droplet motion and icing prediction models.
Keywords: supercooled saline droplet; impact-freezing process; dynamic contact angle; salinity; numerical simulation supercooled saline droplet; impact-freezing process; dynamic contact angle; salinity; numerical simulation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Chen, G.; Xia, H.; Bai, X.; Wu, D.; Lin, B. Numerical Analysis of Impact-Freezing and Spreading Dynamics of Supercooled Saline Droplets on Offshore Wind Turbine Blades Using the VOF–Enthalpy–Porosity Method. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13, 2093. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13112093

AMA Style

Chen G, Xia H, Bai X, Wu D, Lin B. Numerical Analysis of Impact-Freezing and Spreading Dynamics of Supercooled Saline Droplets on Offshore Wind Turbine Blades Using the VOF–Enthalpy–Porosity Method. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2025; 13(11):2093. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13112093

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen, Guanyu, Huan Xia, Xu Bai, Daolei Wu, and Baolong Lin. 2025. "Numerical Analysis of Impact-Freezing and Spreading Dynamics of Supercooled Saline Droplets on Offshore Wind Turbine Blades Using the VOF–Enthalpy–Porosity Method" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 13, no. 11: 2093. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13112093

APA Style

Chen, G., Xia, H., Bai, X., Wu, D., & Lin, B. (2025). Numerical Analysis of Impact-Freezing and Spreading Dynamics of Supercooled Saline Droplets on Offshore Wind Turbine Blades Using the VOF–Enthalpy–Porosity Method. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 13(11), 2093. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13112093

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