Exploring the Unique Characteristics of High-Pore-Volume Waterflooding and Enhanced Oil Recovery Mechanisms in Offshore Sandstone Reservoirs Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Technology
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Characterization of Core and Fluid Properties
2.2. NMR-Monitored High-PV Waterflooding Experiments
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Variations in Oil Displacement Efficiency
3.2. Microscopic Oil Displacement Efficiency at the Pore Scale
3.3. Time-Varying Petrophysical Properties of High Multiple Waterflooding Cores
3.3.1. Pore Structure Variation
3.3.2. Permeability Variation
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- Conventional waterflooding (≤30 PV) results in brief oil production without the presence of water. However, it is followed by a swift rise in the water cut reach of up to 99%, while the residual oil saturation is still as high as 33%.
- (2)
- The high-PV displacement process shows a high EOR effect even in the ultrahigh water cut stage, resulting in a notable increase in the recovery rate by 16.7%. Notably, a significant portion of oil production, amounting to 70.7% of the total, primarily originates from the mesopores.
- (3)
- High-PV waterflooding induces changes in the rock structure, increasing porosity. However, the structure variation exhibits inconsistency at the pore scale with a decreased volume of macropores and increased volumes of micropores and mesopores.
- (4)
- The pore structure variation during high-PV waterflooding shows heterogeneity in the spatial scale, with increased pore volume at the front and decreased pore volume at the back. These changes in pore structure are the main reasons for the decline in rock permeability.
- (5)
- The changes in permeability obtained in the core experiment may not reflect those in reservoirs since particle accumulation at the end of the core during waterflooding may not occur in actual reservoirs. The pore structure variation at the front of the experimental cores may truly reflect that found in reservoirs, indicating that the permeability of reservoirs after high-PV waterflooding is likely to be increased.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Function | Pulse Sequences | Field Strength (MHz) | Gradient Strength (T/m) | TW (ms) | TE (ms) | Scanning Times | Temperature (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T2 | CPMG | 12 | 0 | 1000 | 0.1 | 64 | 32 |
cross-section T2 | SE-SPI | 12 | 0.0487 | 1000 | 0.1 | 64 | 32 |
T2 Relaxation Time, ms | Pore Radius (R), μm | Pore Type |
---|---|---|
T2 ≤ 2.3 | R ≤ 6.0 | Micropore |
2.3 < T2 ≤ 62.4 | 6.0 < R ≤ 162.1 | Mesopore |
T2 > 62.4 | R > 162.1 | Macropore |
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Liu, J.; Li, H.; Xu, J.; Liu, S.; Liu, R.; Hou, L.; Tan, Q. Exploring the Unique Characteristics of High-Pore-Volume Waterflooding and Enhanced Oil Recovery Mechanisms in Offshore Sandstone Reservoirs Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Technology. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, 1296. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11071296
Liu J, Li H, Xu J, Liu S, Liu R, Hou L, Tan Q. Exploring the Unique Characteristics of High-Pore-Volume Waterflooding and Enhanced Oil Recovery Mechanisms in Offshore Sandstone Reservoirs Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Technology. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2023; 11(7):1296. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11071296
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Junrong, Hangyu Li, Jianchun Xu, Shuyang Liu, Rongjiang Liu, Lianjie Hou, and Qizhi Tan. 2023. "Exploring the Unique Characteristics of High-Pore-Volume Waterflooding and Enhanced Oil Recovery Mechanisms in Offshore Sandstone Reservoirs Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Technology" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 7: 1296. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11071296